Deming Concept

W. Edwards Deming was considered to be way ahead of his time. His philosophical ideas were also considered radical in the United States during the 1950’s, but were quickly adopted by Japan. He developed what later became known as Deming’s 14 points, that would later launch the Total Quality Management Movement in the United States, which were not actually accepted until the 1980’s. One of his philosophies that I found interesting was Point #5: â€Å"Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service, to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease costs. This philosophy was foreign in the 1950’s, where managers’ philosophy was focused more on power and control. Deming’s concept leaned more towards a teacher/student relationship, instead of the power and control focus of his time. Humans are very resistant to change however, and that is why I feel this is an important concept that some companies still strugg le with today. My employer for example, Lowe’s Distribution Center, has some managers that don’t like to change processes because â€Å"it is the way they like it to be done†. Deming’s philosophy involved a new focus, which involved management to constantly be looking for improvements that can be made in both their processes, and technology that would reduce cost. Our computer system that controls every function in our facility is about 22 years old, and is outdated to the point where it has employees repeat steps to convince the computer system the task has been completed. Inefficient methods lead to higher cost. Higher costs in turn seem to add to our society’s need for power and control, resulting in increased pressure on team members to make up for the inefficiencies of the system. At this point, team members than reduce quality to meet increased expectations, resulting in decreased customer satisfaction. The long-term result involves lower profit margin and decreased sales, which all could have been avoided if Deming’s points were followed in the first place, by replacing or updating the equipment. Deming’s philosophy also referred to the service industry. If improvements were made to meet the expectations of customers, than overall costs would be decreased. This is commonly still seen today with new technology being put on the market, only to be recalled later when it is tested and announced to be â€Å"unsafe. For example, the recall of the Toyota model Prius, which was found to have quality issues with the clips that hold the floor mats in place. If the clips came loose, the mats could slide and hold down the accelerator, which risked causing an accident. This recall was estimated to cost Toyota around two billion dollars, as well as a loss o f $100,000 in sales in both the U. S. and Europe. Imagine if Toyota had invested more in the quality side of producing the clips, and the savings that would have came with it. Deming’s philosophies triggered the Total Quality Management movement in the 1980’s. Beforehand, factories focused solely on productions numbers, without even taking quality into consideration. I can see why Deming’s ideas weren’t accepted at first, if you think back to how things probably were in the 1950’s. Not to mention the increased costs that comes with higher quality. For example, a shoe factory probably only had two options for shoes, black or white. Now we have a large selection of brands to choose from, each representing a different level of quality. With the focus now being on quality, businesses can provide a higher level of customer satisfaction, bringing different levels of quality to meet their customer’s budget, as well as expectations. Having strict levels of quality guidelines in the service industry, especially in fast food, customers are more reassured that they are consuming food that is safe, and has met requirements set by health inspectors. Deming’s philosophies have also made our business processes more efficient. Businesses today focus on the future, and predict possible changes they would need to adopt to survive. Technology is constantly changing, and is also bringing a higher level of quality to both manufacturing and service industries. In conclusion, I think Deming’s philosophies are vital today to businesses survival. For a business to get ahead of the competition, they need to not only be efficient, but also possess a certain level of accepted quality by consumers. Quality continues to improve as new technology emerges on the market, and processes are continually evaluated. Any business would benefit by following Deming’s 14 points.

Torts Memo

George sued Jerry under a theory of intentional infliction of emotional distress, alleging various grievances. Jerry has moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that even if everything George alleges in the complaint is true, George has failed to allege an adequate basis for liability under a theory of intentional infliction of emotional distress. The issue at hand is should the court deny the motion to dismiss.The essential elements of an action for intentional infliction of emotional distress in North Carolina are 1) extreme and outrageous conduct by the defendant 2) which is intended to and does in fact cause 3) severe emotional distress. Extreme and outrageous conduct is conduct which exceeds all bounds usually tolerated by decent society. In Stanback v. Stanback, 297 N. C. 181, 204 (N. C. 1979), the courts ruled: â€Å"Although we find error in the grounds on which the Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff's Count Number II, we nevertheless affirm the dismi ssal on other grounds.The requirement that plaintiff in a malicious prosecution action based on a prior civil proceeding show some special damage resulting therefrom, as discussed supra, is an essential, substantive element of the claim. † In Hogan v. Forsyth Country Club Co. , 317 N. C. 334, 346 S. E. 2d 141 (1986), the court decided: â€Å"We hold Pfeiffer's conduct, as shown by Hogan's forecast of evidence, was not such as to be reasonably regarded as â€Å"extreme and outrageous† so as to permit Hogan to recover for intentional infliction of mental distress. The facts in this case are similar to Hogan. The courts ruled that the facts in Hogan did not meet the standards for intentional infliction of emotional distress set in Stanback, and decided for the defendant. Both decisions state clearly that there must be some sort of special damage and that the damage must be â€Å"extreme and outrageous. † It is my opinion that the courts approve Jerry’s motio n to dismiss as the facts in this case do not meet the North Carolina standard for the infliction of emotional distress.

Changes in the American Federal Government from 1876 to the New Deal

On numerous occasions since the end of Reconstruction, the American political system has demonstrated its ability to adapt to changing domestic and foreign policy requirements, often by extending the reach of its power. An examination of the actions of the federal government during three periods (the Progressive Era, World War I, and the New Deal) reveals some of the new functions and responsibilities that the federal government assumed. In the years directly following Reconstruction, attention was necessarily focused on domestic matters.A shift from an agrarian economy to an industrial one created new sets of needs and expectations for the American population. Progressive era reformers, notably Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Wilson, responded to these needs by calling for reform: breaking-up monopolies; addressing corruption; enacting laws to protect women, children, and the large immigrant population; overseeing food and drug safety; and establishing regulations for sanitation a nd hygiene.These reforms often required the establishment of new governmental institutions (for example, the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Labor ). Many of these institutions are still in operation today. Beginning with the United States’ involvement in World War I, attention was redirected to foreign matters. Americans became increasingly involved in world affairs, not only through their involvement in the war efforts but also through the expansion of imperialist endeavors.Though these campaigns had begun earlier, they rapidly increased following the acquisition of Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico in 1898. These actions extended the reach of the federal government to overseas territories. With the Great Depression, attention once again necessarily shifted to domestic matters. In order to alleviate the effects of the Depression, Franklin Roosevelt instituted massive changes referred to collectively as the New Deal.These policies included massive rel ief efforts for the employed, the establishment of a minimum wage, the creation of Social Security, and the expansion of federal regulation of agriculture, industry, finance, and labor relations. One major result of FDR’s administration was the government gained the legal power to regulate the economy. During much of his administration, FDR kept the federal government’s focus on domestic matters as he sought to enact neutrality legislation to keep America out of the war in Europe.vi It is significant that in times of economic crisis (such as those that directly preceded the Progressive era reforms and the New Deal), the federal government of this country turns its attention to combating corruption, regulating the economy, instituting public works projects, and enacting legislation that directly affects the lives of American citizens. In so doing, Wilson and F. D. Roosevelt focused their attentions primarily on domestic policy at the expensive of foreign policy.

Definition of crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of crime - Essay Example Modern societies, therefore, describe criminal activities as offenses against the state or public. Failure by the public to observe social order can result to the governing authority imposing formalized and stricter measures of ensuring social control (Tadros, 2005). State agents rely on legal and institutional machinery in compelling the public to conform to desired codes, while punishing or attempting to reform individuals who cannot conform. There are two models that the society uses in determining various acts of crime, with regard to the established government criminal system. The two models are crime control and due process models (Cengage Learning).Crime control model recommends repression against all forms of criminal conducts. The model identifies repression as the most important component of criminal process, and should be embraced by the governing authority (Persak, 2007). Criminal process should be efficient during screening of suspects, determination of guilt as well as proper disposition of persons with criminal record. Looking at the due process model, it appears as an impediment to the crime control model. Due process model has successive stages aimed at providing impediments against carrying the accused farther along the criminal justice system. Due process ideology is deeply based on the law structure. While crime control model recommends the use of investigation to screen suspects, due process opposes th e use of investigation by claiming that human agents are prone to errors (Cengage Learning). Conclusions from observations can be affected by emotion arousing events while personal confessions made by a suspect under police custody can be as a result of physical and psychological coercion. There are various theories connected with application of criminal law. Different situations present a basis of assumptions concerning the theory to be applied (Renzo, 2013). For instance, situations can be

Communication Tool and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Tool and Report - Essay Example I chose to create the communication message board because patients who cannot talk often find it very difficult to be understood. The nursing staffs often find it challenging to understand what the patients who cannot talk really want. Therefore, the communication message board â€Å"talk† for the people who cannot talk (b-independent, 2014). This method of communication is relevant to the nursing field because communication with the patients is a vital component of the profession. The nurse and patient can create mutual understanding through communication. However, some people may not verbally communicate due to illnesses like stroke, neurodegenerative diseases or tubes inserted in their throats to clear passageways. These people can still communicate using non verbal communication such as communication boards. The communication tool designed is accessible inwards particularly those comprised of people who are experiencing difficulties in talking. The nurse on duty can easily get it from a specific position within the ward. This communication tool is necessary because it helps to make the job of the nurse quite easy as well as to help the patient who cannot talk express themselves. Signs are very important in such a scenario since the nurse and the patients can be in a position to mutually understand each other. The nurse can be in a position to understand the needs of the patients which helps to reduce negative impacts such as frustration on their behalf when dealing with restless patients. If I were to re do the task, I think I would try to device an electronic gadget that is comprised of all letters of the alphabet such that the patient can type what he or she wants. Based on the presumption that many people can read and write, I would try to create a device that makes it possible for the patients to create sentences about what they may require at a particular time. The advantage of this is related to precision. The

Theory as Framework for Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theory as Framework for Education - Essay Example just to deduce that the theories nursing theory provides ideas that support nursing research significant to nurses when incorporated in nursing education (Watson & Watson 2012). A useful nursing theory makes assumptions about health, behavior, target population, problem or an environment (De & Anderson 2008). Therefore, the useful nursing theory is characterized by logic, consistency with everyday observations, and support from previous research with related ideas and similarity of the situation to past situations (Watson & Watson 2012). Moreover, the theory must be able to improve the learners’ knowledge in the selected nursing area. Watson’s theory of human caring is a very useful theory in nursing education. The theory has abundant logic in its element of caring as it holds that the interpersonal relations of humans are the primary facets of caring (Watson & Watson 2012). Like most useful theories, the theory is based on the assumption that the standard and basis of nursing subsist in caring science as the basis of the nursing profession. The assumption is important through the connection it creates between the student and the patient (Watson & Watson 2012). Nevertheless, as the student has mentioned, the theory is based on ten creative aspects of every observation that supports nurses in their relationships with patients. To add on all that, Watson’s theory has support from previous research that shows that, to offer proper care to patients, nurses have to establish a relationship of care and love with the patients (Watson & Watson 2012). Therefore, Watson’s theory of human caring can ade quately guide nursing students in their interpersonal relationships with patients and care in addition to their knowledge (De & Anderson

Is it right to reject the concept and practices of development Essay

Is it right to reject the concept and practices of development Critically discuss with reference to at least one practical example of political activism. - IR - Essay Example In view of the global stratifications, development entails the various levels of political, social and economic achievements of the country in consideration. In achieving these set standards defining development, the countries meet various challenges as they structure their concepts and practices for development. These concepts and practices constitute development agenda for the various countries. In the discourse of development, the sectors of the concepts and practices incorporate the three key essentials of economic, social and political milestones in development (Ove, 2013, p 313). All these concepts emanate from the various political activism procedures, developing the concepts and procedures accordingly. For instance, in analyzing the concepts of development form the economic perspective, various theories and approaches as well as challenges to these concepts are evident. Escobar, as he seeks to evaluate the concepts of economic development in the relation to third world countries, he notably states and evaluates the role of economists in the processes incorporated in development (Escobar, 1995, p 7). Thus, this as a starting point, considering the concept of economic perspectives in development, several factors come into consideration. Firstly, what constitute the economy of the country in question, as well as, the facilitators of this concept of development. The economy of a country vastly defines the class it belongs to in the global stratifications. Economic power is essentially the driving factor of development although it may not sustain the entire development process on its own (Bhatia, 2012, p 131). The concept of development form economic approach encompasses, firstly, the concept of resources that the country posses in determining its success level (Santander, 2014, p 65). The factor of distribution of natural resources within the various geographical locations is a relatively highly controversial concept in the process of

Discuss the arguments for and against the reform of the international Essay

Discuss the arguments for and against the reform of the international financial (monetary) system - Essay Example (IMF Fact Sheet, p1, 1999) In 1994 the predicament of Mexican peso and in 1997 the economic crisis of Asia and the fall down of the Russian currency recently spot to the requirement for new-fangled instruments which will more successfully defend the constancy of the global financial structure. In October 1998 a meeting of IMF was held in Washington which presented a medium for the International Monetary Fund and its associate nations to speak to this concern. The conference evaluated a broad series of proposals that seek to reinforce the â€Å"structural design â€Å"of the worldwide financial structure This paper examines s the probable extent of the monetary recession at present being encountered in numerous Asian countries subsequent their monetary predicament. Previous global encounter subsequent to economic crises is observed, and statistics is assembled to display the seriousness of the "credit crisis† being encountered in numerous "tiger" financial systems. This confirmation, together with the high silhouette banking troubles in several these countries, guides to the inference that the majority of the pretentious countries will not encounter a noteworthy bounce back in expansion for a substantial period. (IMF Fact Sheet, p1, 1999) Subsequent the current monetary disaster in Asia, a lot of bystanders are endeavoring to measure how long the financial slump will continue in distinctive countries. This subject is obviously of main effect for the precisely precious countries. It is also imperative t from a New Zealand viewpoint as the unfavorable consequence of the Asian monetary recession on New Zealand will be overblown the longer the depression persists. (Krugman, p1, 1998) Predominantly significant here are the financial systems of our main dealing associates. Japan is New Zealands following principal sell abroad market subsequent to Australia, which sequentially is susceptible to a protracted recession in its Asian trading

Geopolitical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Geopolitical Paper - Essay Example China has been the third largest trading partner of ASEAN and it accounted for 11.3% of the total trade of ASEAN in the year 2008 (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010). As observed by Dr. Surin, â€Å"China’s economic growth and strong investment expansion is energizing the region and is providing ASEAN with an expanding diversified market in an environment of slowing growth in its traditional partners† (ASEAN Secretariat, 2010). There were many rationales behind ASEAN - China FTA (Free Trade Area). ASEAN countries wanted free trade with China for many reasons and the motivation involved both political as well as economical factors. The first reason has been that China is huge economy and the increasing demand for goods and services from ASEAN would lead to growth of all the ASEAN countries. Closer integration with China would facilitate ASEAN to reduce the reliance on other countries like United States, Japan and European Union. Moreover it was found that China has been quite supple with the new ASEAN countries and has been providing developmental assistance. By extending WTO nations’ benefit to the non WTO member would make it viable for the new ASEAN countries to gain from trade liberalization with China. Besides this, the other reason for choosing China was the temperate agriculture of China and tropical agriculture of ASEAN which was complementary and thus they could have liberalized the agricult ural trade. Again according to ASEAN, the ASEAN-China FTA (ACFTA) is the way through which the post crisis can be recovered. China’s enthusiasm for forming the ASEAN-China FTA was also politico-economic. When viewed politically China wanted to maintain friendly relations with its neighboring countries in the south. It has also been noted that ASEAN-China FTA was a confidence building process in order to put to rest the ASEAN distress over China’s economic condition that was a threat. Therefore close

Organisational Behaviours and HRM Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational Behaviours and HRM - Coursework Example rce management and staff management may differ in so many ways depending on the scope, nature of the roles and even the services with human resource management being broader in perspective in both compared to staff management that is narrower in perspective. They too have similarities. The similarities can be summarized in terms of; Payroll & Associated Tasks, new staff recruitment procedures, the documentation processes, and models. In terms of models, both focus on the significance of integrating personnel and human resource management techniques with organizational objectives (Armstrong, 2006) so that both can aim to achieve a common overall objective. The organizational behavior concept and human processes are quite basic in relationship. Organizational behavior concept manifest themselves as some regulations or guidelines that define how employees in a given organization should conduct themselves when they want to engage themselves within certain activities like politics, examples include; organization culture, politics, and ethics. Human resource management, on the other hand, is concerned with implementing the said concepts by doing whatever is necessary to develop strategies of setting rules for the concerned employees. Example, under the organization concept of organization culture, human resource will be concerned with acting as an amplifier of the organization culture using any communication means like employee orientation to help him/her understand the said culture. The same is true for other concepts. The primary responsibility of a human resource manager is to ensure that human resources are utilized and managed as efficiently and effectively as possible (Saiyadain, 1999). Particularly, he/she does; recruitment and selection as well as developing the workplace as required by the organization. He also sees through that all employees receive the required training that is relevant to their job. Others are; motivating employees, ensuring a balance

What Makes The Youth Of Today Follow The Latest Trends Essay Example for Free

What Makes The Youth Of Today Follow The Latest Trends Essay Today’s youth are not entirely dependent on their parents for their knowledge and opinions. They have become more independent as time goes on. There are many changes that they undergo and it takes extra effort to really understand all of their behavior (Taylor, Carl 2003). In most of the social problems encountered by today’s young adults, the critical factor is the role of parents and educational institutions in forming, molding and strengthening of children and young adults’ values. In raising teens, Covey (1999, 100) highlights the importance of being sensitive to the tendency of the youth to reject. According to him, this tendency of teenagers comes from their fear of being rejected. Their rejection experiences make them â€Å"pull back into a kind of shell to protect themselves from being rejected again. † This could be aggravated by parents who refuse to look honestly at what their children are doing; even denying that there is a problem, making excuses for their child, or blaming the school, teachers, family, friends, or society. Fixing the child’s problems by giving in to demands, justifying rebelliousness is just a normal part of adolescence. Compromising the parents’ own values just to keep the peace at home or maintain a veneer of harmony is not an uncommon solution. If and when the worst situation comes up, the decision to intervene remains with the parents and not with the juvenile justice system. Yet, parents are often at a loss on what best to do.

Lennie & George in Of Mice & Men Essay Example for Free

Lennie George in Of Mice Men Essay In the story Of Mice Men, John Steinbeck creates a pair of low-class companionship as the storys main character. This pair of companionship, George and Lennie is very different from each other, nothing alike, no matter talking about their figures, personality, IQ, etc, except that they both carry the same American dream as they spend their hard days traveling together and working in the ranch. Lennie is portrayed as being childlike. He looks up on George as a parental figure: Lennies lips quivered and tears started in his eyes. Lennie seek reassurance from George like a child does from their parents. He displays the excitement of a child: Tell me about the rabbits, George. Tell me about the rabbits. Steinbeck suggests that Lennies dependent on George and that we all need companionship even if the relationship is unequal. Not only is Lennie portrayed as being childlike, but also very forgetful: I forgot, tried not to forget. Honest to god I did George. Lennie always gets in trouble, and always needs George to help him out.: Course you did. Well, look Lennie if you jus happen to get in trouble like u always done before, I want you to come right here and hide in the bush. Not only does he make himself in trouble but also gives trouble to George: An whatta I got, I got you! You cant keep a job and you lose me ever job I get. Steinbeck wants to give the readers a hint or preparation that a serious event is going to occur with Lennie, he also wants to convey that although Lennie is big, it doesnt mean that he has a big brain nor can he be independent and look after himself. Lennie is also being put in a character with characteristics like an animal: His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself down and drank from the green pool; drank with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse. Lennie enjoys keeping mice, but as a result always kills it: They were so little, Id pet them, and pretty soon they bit my fingers and I pinch they heads a little and they was dead because they were so little. Steinbeck wants to show that a big man also has a sensitive side, and that being strong also has disadvantages, especially for Lennie who enjoys to pet mice and as a result kills it very quickly due to his big, strong hands. Lennies physique is described by Steinbeck as being big, strong looking, but is also described to have body parts in which imitating an animal: A huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. Although Lennie is very immature, but he is a very helpful and great worker : Say, you sure was right about him. Maybe he aint bright, but I never seen such a worker.He damn near killed his partner buckinbarley. There aint nobody can keep up with him. God, awmighty I never seen such a strong guy. Steinbck points out that even an immature, childish man like Lennie with low IQ, can also work better than a normal man, and that we should always give a chance to people like Lennie to work like a normal person with no prejudice against them. Lennie is a very simple minded man, and does whatever George tells him to do. He never thinks for himself and wont bother to rate if it was dangerous or not, he simply just does as he says, like master and servant: Tell you what made me stop that One day a bunch of guys were standin around Sacramento River.I was feelinpretty smart. I turned to Lennie and says Jump in and he jumps, couldnt swim a stroke. He damned near drowned before we could get him. Not only does Lennie always listen to Georges demands, but he also never rejects him and never dares to argue with him. He never got mad with it neither. Ive beat the hell outa him, and he could bust every bone in me just with his one han, but he never lifted a finger against me. Steinbeck expresses to readers that Lennie looks up at George at a higher status, like an idol and believes that whatever George tells him to do, is  for his own good, which is why he listens to George not minding if it is dangerous or not. Where as the other main character in the story Of Mice Men, known as George, is totally different from Lennie. George is suggested to protect Lennie too much, and that he doesnt let Lennie talk when he is suppose to. When he sells Lennie too much, people might mistaken that George is hiding something about Lennie.: Then why dont you let him answer? What you trying to put over?. George also uses a special technique to make Lennie listen to him, from this technique he gives pressure to Lennie so that he will always keep Georges words in mind.: But you aint gonna get in no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits. Steinbeck points out that George is protecting Lennie too much, and that he should always let him try and let him communicate more, socialize more and approach the outside world more, or else he would depend on George too much and takes it as an advantage. George is also suggested to be smart, and has a lot of common sense. He uses his sensitive sensitivity to teach and lead Lennie to the right track: Tastes all right, dont really seem to be running though. You never oughta drink water when it aint running, Lennie. Not only is George sensitive but he is also very smart in the ability to judge correctly: You never had none, you crazy bastard. I got both of em here. Think I let you carry your own work card? Steinbeck shows the readers that it is an advantage for Lennie to be looked after by George, for George has the power to untie him from troubles he makes, and knows whats best for him. Steinbeck also tells the readers, that the people with the same problems as Lennie should always be helped and be guided to the right way, instead of being discriminated. George also gets very fed up with Lennie sometimes, having to escape with Lennie from the troubles Lennie has caused from time to time.: God amighty, if I was to live alone I could live so easy. I could get a job and  work, and no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want. But on the other hand, he also cares a lot about Lennies feelings, and always persuades him to think towards the positive side when Lennie is depressed.: Aw, Lennie! I aint taking it away jus for meanness. That mouse aint fresh, Lennie; and besides, youve broke it pettin it. You get another mouse thats fresh and Ill let you keep it a while. Steinbeck suggests that in order to be companionships, we will have to care for one and anothers feelings, Steinbeck also coveys that there arent any perfect pair of companionship, for there has to be arguments between people, since humans are born with these characteristics. George having to be a trustworthy companionship with Lennie, always believes in his partner no matter what happens. He will always trust Lennie for whatever he does, and the decisions he makes.: Lennie never done it in meanness. All the time he done bad things, but never done one of them mean. George makes the relationship between Lennie and him like a family, George tells Lennie about their dreams, and how they are different to other people, as if its going to come true. George gives hope to Lennie making him feel better and have a target so that he wont feel that he is working for nothing and that they are working to make their dream come true.: But not us! An why? Because because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and thats why. Steinbeck tells the readers that although these low-class workers are poor and lonely, they havent got a stable home. But George and Lennie are different. For they carry a hope, a dream. This is why George and Lennie are never lonely. Steinbeck also suggests that an American dream in those days, does not come true easily. Overall I think that John Steinbeck wants us to know that we should use Lennie and George as an example to how we should treat people with the same problems as Lennie is facing. Instead of discriminating them, we should always give them a hand of trust to help them. John Steinbeck also suggests  that although Lennie may have mental problems, but from this information, it doesnt mean that Lennie is useless. He may be stupid, but he is very hard working and may be better than most normal workers working in the ranch. John Steinbeck also wants us to know that although people like Lennie often creates serious problems due to his stupidity, this doesnt suggest that he can use his low IQ, and stupidity as an excuse to not face the problem and just find another job, not caring what he had done before.

How The Media Influences Public Perceptions Media Essay

How The Media Influences Public Perceptions Media Essay 3.1 Introduction to the media The mass media is one of the most influential sources of providing news to members of the public. It also has a powerful impact on public perceptions of specific issues, for example sex offenders (Brayford Deering, 2012). In order for a story to enter any form of the mass media, it needs to meet certain newsworthy criteria to help media companies entice greater audiences, thus increasing overall profit (Galtung Ruge, 1965). Female sexual offending fulfils key aspects of newsworthy criteria. The cases covered tend to include elements of seriousness and negativity, which appeals to audiences (Greer, 2003). Child sexual offenders have long received much negative coverage by the mass media, causing a topic for public debate (Kitzinger, 2004).This chapter focuses on how the media represents FCSOs, with particular reference to the Vanessa George case, and examines how it can influence public perception of FCSOs. It is important to note that most academic research involving child sexual o ffenders, and also the media, focus on sexual offenders in general rather than specifically FCSOs. Therefore this chapter bases its conclusions on the limited research available. Another important issue to consider is that the media provides conflicting representations of women as offenders, in particular FCSOs. On the one hand, female offenders, like Myra Hindley, who receive large amounts of media attention, are demonised, but on the other hand, many other FCSOs go unnoticed in the media due to the traditional concepts of femininity (Giguere Bumby, 2007). These contradictions are often mirrored in public reactions, creating complications. The challenges in understanding representations of FCSOs are explored during the course of the chapter. How the media influences public perceptions of FCSOs The hypodermic syringe model is a theory which describes the media like a drug, injecting opinions directly into the minds of readers (Kitzinger, 2004). This is one way of understanding the effect of the media on public perceptions of FCSOs. It can produce a powerful effect, as the emotion produced by these offences could be why the media choose to report on them. Reports may cause outbursts of street anger and violence, stemming from moral panic, creating hysteria among the public (Thomas, 2005; Cohen, 1972). This is evident in the case of nursery worker Vanessa George (BBC, 2009) who abused children in her care. The media coverage of this case may have made the public start to look at women, particularly those working with children, in a different light, with the same suspicion as men. However, evidence suggests that this has only been provoked by the rare number of FCSO cases actually reported on, as most of the time society has a blind spot regarding female-perpetrated sexual abu se (Tsopelas et al., 2012). This is due to the care-giving roles which females are expected to hold towards children (Finkelhor et al., 1988), which are habitually represented in various forms of the media: films, news reports, TV, etc. It could be argued that, depending on which particular ideology the media decides to report on with regards to FCSOs, their portrayal will have a significant impact on how society views them. This illustrates the complications created by the media, providing contradictory perceptions of FSCOs, causing confusion as to how the public should perceive them. The media uses tactics such as emotive language and imagery to influence how the public view certain criminals. One example is the use of the iconic image of Myra Hindley within media reports. The picture showed her as emotionless and cold, making her seem masculine (see appendix 1). Being such a powerful and well-known case, it also shaped how society imagines FCSOs to look (Kitzinger, 2004). Even though this was proved to be a co-offending case, it showed how society views any female involved in such crimes as going against the traditional gender model of women. This relates to the theory used by many feminists who argue that such women are regarded as double deviant, and receive harsher treatment by society, as they not only breach the law, but also break feminine norms (Heidensohn, 1987). Applying this theory, FCSOs may be regarded as the worst form of criminals, due to the seriousness of their offences. This could explain why they receive such negative portrayals within the medi a. However, a counter-argument is that females involved in child sexual offending may be viewed by the public as harmless, and their involvement is not perceived as a form of abuse. If the media do not themselves believe that female-perpetrated sexual abuse is a problem within society, they can hardly provide such negative representation with impunity. This is supported by Denov (2003), who states that the public perceive FCSOs as committing less serious offences than male sexual offenders, due to the common belief that women cannot be capable of committing such crimes. Thus, it appears that the media is likely to hold similar views in order to serve the interests of the public, and focuses attention primarily on issues involving male sexual offenders. There is strong evidence to suggest that FCSOs are treated as double deviant, although some theorists would refute this, with the rationale that they are perceived as less serious criminals than their male counterparts. However, when considering examples such as Myra Hindley, that would appear to be a false supposition. Media representations of FCSOs Historically, FCSOs have rarely been reported on by the media. This may be due to the myth that abuse by a female is seen as a confused form of love (Gannon Cortoni, 2010: 13), and suggests that even if women do sexually abuse children, it is in a less aggressive manner than male sexual offenders, and may not necessarily inflict damage on a child. The media is unlikely to report on these cases, as they do not fit newsworthy criteria discussed earlier. This could be why the public generally has a lack of knowledge concerning issues surrounding female child sexual offending. As Strickland (2008) argues, men are traditionally viewed as having more aggressive personalities, and are more likely to commit criminal offences. Consequently, it can be argued that these stereotypes make it easy for the media to report on issues and cases linked to them. Moreover, the lack of reports on FCSOs could explain the reason for the lack of disclosure by their victims (Denov, 2003). This is discussed i n Chapter 5. As indicated in Chapter 1, any abuse committed by females is usually referred to in the media as a relationship or affair (Tsopelas et al., 2012: 306) compared with when the perpetrator is a man, in which case the reporters often refer to them as abusers, again resulting in lack of reports on cases perpetrated by females. This encourages academics to ask the question of whether female-perpetrated child sexual abuse is under-reported, due to the above reasons, or if it is so uncommon that there are not enough cases for the media to actually report on. Nowadays increasing knowledge and awareness about issues of female child sexual offending has roused strong societal reactions, resulting in increased coverage in the media. Newspapers frequently portray FCSOs as evil monsters (Gakhal Brown, 2011). This shows a dramatic change from when they were largely ignored in the media, or seen to be coerced into abuse by a male, and has given society a new perspective on the problem. One of the most dramatic cases with wide media coverage was that of Vanessa George. A mother of two, she worked at a nursery in Plymouth. In December 2009 she was convicted of sexual assault, and the making of and being in possession of/distributing indecent images of children, and was given an indeterminate prison sentence with a minimum requirement of seven years. In November 2010, a serious case review was conducted (PSCB, 2010), and it was discovered that the nursery provided an ideal environment for the abuse to be carried out. It found that certain gaps wit hin the system allowed George to commit these offences, such as the nurserys phone line being out of order, allowing workers to bring their own mobile phones in for emergencies. This presented George with an opportunity to take indecent images of children on her mobile. Yet the media reports paid little attention to these mistakes, focusing primarily on her abusive behaviour. It was also discovered during the investigation that she was an active part of a co-offending group, initiated by a male perpetrator, Colin Blanchard, and yet interestingly, the media attention focused primarily on George. In the serious case review, it was noted that she had no previous convictions, the abuse only starting when she came into contact with Blanchard over the internet. George was manipulated into committing abuse and sharing images with him. These facts were, however, expressed in a completely different manner throughout the media reporting on the case. This warrants further examination, by analy sing reports from various media sources. Analysis of the media reports on the Vanessa George case Chapter 1 indicated that there is substantial evidence to suggest that many FCSOs are regarded as harmless because they may only target adolescent victims (Mathews et al., 1989). However, this is not applicable in the case of Vanessa George (BBC News, 2010). The media coverage generally concerning this case highlighted the serious issues surrounding female-perpetrated sexual abuse in the UK, different media types reporting in diverse ways. In order to understand how the media represents FCSOs, a comparison needs to be made between the various media types, using a critical discourse analysis. There are many definitions of critical discourse analysis, but, within this dissertation it is referred to as the analysis of language used in speech and writing within media reports as a form of social practice, where specific ideologies are reproduced through the language in the texts (Wodak Meyer, 2009). This method is appropriate here, enabling analysis of the language used by the media wh en reporting on FCSOs, and uncovering the hidden ideologies in the text which are used to change the readers opinion on the issue of female sexual offending. It is also important to look at the discursive construction of FCSOs, which refers to the way in which the women are defined through the language used in media reports, and how these construct FCSOs as a concept. Almost every article written about FCSOs can be analysed using critical discourse analysis, reporters being required to make certain decisions as to how they want to represent particular ideologies in their article, e.g. the terms they use to describe an FCSO, or which quotes to use from members of the public. These can add to the way the ideology in the text is portrayed overall, and thus how it affects society as a whole (Richardson, 2007). The three main articles analysed were drawn from different news outlets which hold conflicting ideological stances. Firstly, Public enemy number one was taken from The Sun (Coles, 2011), a newspaper which represents right-wing principles. Secondly, Vanessa George jailed for child sex abuse was extracted from The Guardian (Morris, 2009) which expresses mostly liberal interests. Finally, Little Teds was ideal place for Vanessa George abuse was traced from BBC News (2010b), which is commonly known to represent a centrism approach to reporting. The Sun, known for its exaggeration of the truth in order to attract the attention of more readers, reported on the case of George as one that caused so much outrage and shock that the police needed to step in to stop the abuse aimed at her by the public. The way the article presented these dramatic views is interesting for critical discourse analysis. It was outwardly biased, presenting only the feelings expressed by parents of possible victims, rather than facts of the case. Therefore the analysis made could support the theory that the facts of the case are spun to present a particular viewpoint here, that FCSOs are extremely disturbing to society and uses particular language aimed to influence readers into holding the same opinions. This is evident in the following quotes: Public enemy number one, Sick b****, The van taking Vanessa George to prison is attacked (see appendix 2 for more examples). The above quotes use emotive language to express the disgust and anger felt by the p ublic. These quotes are used to align the public voice to that of the reporters, obscuring the ideological underpinnings of the article. This supports Gakhal Browns (2011: 3) argument that the media provides stereotypical portrayals of sex offenders in general, using words linked with monsters and evil perverts. Moreover, this choice of language helped provide a negative perception of FCSOs. The fact that the reporter purposely used a collective noun in the article title Public enemy number one- suggests that the paper was implying that George was hated by all members of the public, and that readers should share these feelings. The fact that the article concentrated on quotes and opinions of parents involved in the case shows how the reporter wanted to present only one ideological viewpoint. Furthermore, it can be argued that this negative portrayal of George, an FCSO, by the media reinforces the argument previously put forward regarding female offenders as displaying double devia nce (Heidensohn, 1987). On the other hand, the article in The Guardian expressed a more balanced stance, presenting the audience with facts of the case. The image of George used by the reporter shows her as a smiling, friendly character. This could be aiming to send out a message that, unlike the stereotypical image of most sexual offenders, an FCSO can be any ordinary woman. Perhaps, because such cases are so uncommon, there is so far no stereotype of an FCSO. Thus, it appears that the media can play on the fear of the public, to make them wary of whom they trust for childcare. Furthermore, its choice of image shows how George was part of a co-offending group (see appendix 3), and although she solely committed the abuse in Little Teds nursery, she was in fact in contact with two others, one of whom (Blanchard), was coercing her to commit the offences. The article reported that George was besotted with him. This both presents FCSOs in a negative light, and provides a more nuanced understanding of the case, constructing her as submissive, under the control of Blanchard. It also covers other issues faced by society, for example the influence male sexual offenders can have on females, forcing them to also commit sexual offences. However, when analysing this article, it can be argued that the reporter was somewhat biased, using post-modified terms such as paedophile, which disguises the fact that the choice to commit these crimes is not just down to sexual preference, but is a way in which an offender exploits and holds power over children (Kelly, 1998). It also links to the same ideology presented in The Sun, by describing George in a negative light: Cold and calculating. These quotes, however, came from the judge in charge of the case, possibly a more reliable source to reproduce the ideologies through language than that used by The Sun. The way in which The Guardian presented a balanced stance is arguably similar to how the BBC reported on the case of George. They provided the facts of the case and referred to the serious case review (discussed earlier), as well as other reliable sources, such as the councillor for Plymouths Efford and Lipson ward, in order to fulfil their reputation of being a dependable source. When analysing this article, it is clear that the ideology behind it is to provide the public with the facts, whilst preventing moral panic, by reporting on the positive responses of professionals towards the case. The reporter used passive verbs, such as reassured (see appendix 4 for more examples), and quotations from Ofsted Ofsted has already implemented a number of changes, to show the public that society can learn from the mistakes made in this case, and to prevent future similar cases. However, the BBC also used a disturbing criminal style image of George within this article, which imitated the report ing techniques used in the Myra Hindley case, reinforcing the stereotypical image of how an FCSO may appear (Kitzinger, 2004). Therefore, it could be argued that no matter what type of media outlet, there is always some form of bias in the way reporters present their ideology through the language and images they choose to use. Another observation made when analysing this article, is the sub-heading entitled Explicit culture, which went on to report on the co-offending details of the case. The fact that the reporter used a sub-heading, together with the chosen language, shows an attempt to make readers aware of the increasingly serious problem of co-offending child sexual offenders within society. This critical discourse analysis has identified the right wing (The Sun) constructions of FCSOs as aggressive, sick and evil, which relates to the theory of female offenders being double deviant. However, competing constructions with a different ideological base come from other media outlets such as The Guardian, constructing female sexual offending as a male-coerced crime. It is clear that different media types report in different ways: some use stereotyping FCSOs as a powerful influential tool, others are more objective in presenting the facts of the case. It should be recognised, however, that all have had an impact in raising awareness of new issues faced by society with regards to female sexual offending. Much work still needs to be done within all areas of the mass media, in order to educate reporters. When they provide representations of FCSOs, they should appreciate the gravity of the issues raised, and the traumatic results that articles can have on victims and members of th e public (Tsopelas et al., 2012). However, the primary aim of media companies is to sell more papers, so unfortunately they will continue to sensationalise articles to increase profits, using cases of female-perpetrated sexual offences to do so.

Asset Purchase Agreement :: Agreements Assets Purchases Essays

Asset Purchase Agreement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Agreement entered into this the _____ day of ______________, 20___ by and among __________, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of ______________ (hereinafter "Seller"), ______________ (hereinafter individually and collectively "Selling Shareholder(s)") and ______________, a ___________ corporation (hereinafter "Buyer").   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WHEREAS, Seller operates a business primarily engaged in the __________________; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WHEREAS, Seller owns equipment, inventory, contract rights, and miscellaneous assets used in connection with the operations of its business; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WHEREAS, Buyer desires to acquire substantially all of the assets used or useful, or intended to be used in the operation of Sellers business and Seller desires to sell such assets to Buyer; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WHEREAS, the Selling Shareholder(s) are the sole shareholder(s) of Seller.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of mutual covenants contained herein and other good and valuable consideration the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties agree as follows: SECTION 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ASSETS PURCHASED; LIABILITIES ASSUMED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ASSETS PURCHASED.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seller agrees to sell to Buyer and Buyer agrees to purchase from Seller, on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement the following assets ("Assets"):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All equipment, rolling stock, and tools miscellaneous inventory listed on Exhibit "A", together with any replacements or additions to the equipment, etc. made prior to the closing date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All inventories and supplies owned by Seller together with any replacements or additions to the inventories made prior to the closing date, but excluding inventory disposed of in the ordinary course of Seller's business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.1.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seller's goodwill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NO ASSUMPTION OF LIABILITIES.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buyer shall not be responsible for any unfilled orders from customers of Seller nor shall Buyer assume responsibility of payment for other obligations of Seller, including but not limited to, Seller's obligations under any lease, contract or account.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [alternative provision: Buyer assumes all disclosed liabilities of Seller except the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a.] SECTION 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EXCLUDED ASSETS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Excluded from this sale and purchase are Seller's accounts receivable, cash, notes receivable, prepaid accounts and land and any and all other assets except those listed on Exhibit "A".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [alternate provision: Buyer is acquiring all assets of the Seller except:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. ] SECTION 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PURCHASE PRICE FOR ASSETS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purchase price for the assets shall be $00,000.00, allocated as follows: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equipment, contracts, rolling stock,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  inventory and other personal property   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $00,000.00 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goodwill   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $ 0,000.00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TOTAL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $00,000.00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buyer shall be responsible for all sales and transfer taxes associated with the contemplated transaction; provided, however, Seller agrees to execute or provide whatever documents are necessary for Buyer to have transferred to it and receive credit for any balance remaining on the vehicle tags of Seller.

Corporate America and Modern Society Essay -- essays research papers

Corporate America and Modern Society Large corporations affect most of society today, and these affects have split the U.S. workers into two factions. People are becoming frustrated over companies having huge lay-offs, firing thousands of employees, shutting down businesses, and moving to countries like Mexico to make a bigger profit. What happens to those people who have families to take care of? Where are they going to find money to pay for their children’s medical bills, education, food, and clothing? How are they going to tell their spouses that they now have to work two jobs to take care of costs for their family? Top executives of large corporations often earn millions of dollars a year in salaries, bonuses, and benefits while the vast majority of people who work for them earn moderate wages, sometimes no more than the minimum hourly amount required by law. Some people believe that this type of a system for hourly working is wrong. Others argue that no change is possible without stifling human initiative. H ow might the economic system be changed? Should it be changed? History of Large Corporations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The industrial revolution in America during the early part of the 20th century brought many new changes to society with the introduction of factories, construction, and businesses. As time progressed through the years, small businesses soon started looking to increase their market nationally. As small businesses soon turned into large corporations, they began to spread across the country giving people quality products anywhere in the United States. The economy was booming. Competition between businesses was moving at an incredible rate, producing many products and improving the Gross National Product. America was becoming the most powerful nation in the world. There were plenty of jobs for families to find work. As businesses grew, bureaucratic systems were set up within them to ensure better management. One man could no longer run his business alone. He needed supervisors to reach every employee. Hierarchies were introduced and so businesses were now ran by a select few individuals who were most likely the founders of the company, and they got all the profit. Capitalism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people say that today’s minimum wage is not a livable wage. That it doesn’t make up for the cost of living in today’s society... ...ple want a change, there will be a change. Works Cited Cody, David. â€Å"Child Labor†. 1987. http://65.107.211.206/victorian/history/hist8.html (1 May 2002). New York Times. â€Å"Executive Paywatch 2002†. 2002.. http://www.aflcio.org/paywatch/index.htm (24 April 2002). Moore, Michael. The Big One. 1996. Reich, Robert B. Goleman, Daniel. â€Å"Point, counter point†. Training & Development, April 1999. Vol. 53 Issue 4 p26. Eisenscher, Michael. â€Å"Sweatshop Abuses Continue†. Nov. 30, 1997. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/40/041.html (1 May 2002). Kronemer, Alexander. â€Å"Narrowing the Wage Gap†. Monthly Labor Review. Nov99, Vol. 122 Issue 11, p79. Blau, Francine D. Kahn M. Lawrence. â€Å"Wage Inequality: International Comparisons of Its Sources†. 1996. http://www.aei.org/cs/cs6931.htm. (22 April 2002) Kazis, Richard and Miller, Marc S. â€Å"Low Wage Workers in the New Economy†. 2002 http://www.urban.org/pubs/low_wage/index.html (24 April 2002) McCarthy, Jim. â€Å"Salary Gap Continues to Widen† Techniques: Connecting Education & Careers, Mar 2002, Vol. 75 Issue 3, p8. Robertson, Michael. â€Å" The Minimum Wage: Some New Evidence†. Journal of Labor Research, Winter 2002, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p1.

Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 20 Essay -- Papers Shakespeare Sonnet

Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet 20 Sonnet 20 appears to be about an affectionate love that the speaker develops for an unnamed man. He describes the man as having a woman's face that Nature painted with its own hand. The speaker calls this admired person his "master mistress." He goes on to say that this man has the gentle heart of a woman but is not inconsistent as is the way with women. He has eyes that are brighter than the eyes of any women. His eyes are so true and sincere that they light up every object that they look upon. He is a man of shape and form (and of authority) and all other figures are in his control. Furthermore, he steals the attention of men and amazes the hearts of women. The speaker continues to explain his reasons for not being able to be with this man. The speaker claims that this man was originally intended to be created as a woman. However, Nature made a foolish mistake in making him. By adding one extra thing, Nature has defeated the poet. By adding this one feature, she has prevented the poet from ever fulfilling his desire in having him. Then the poet exclaims that although Nature made this man for the pleasure of women, let his body be women's treasure and let him have this man's love. Sonnets are often written about desire, whether it be the desire of a man and woman for one another, or a desire to fulfill a missing element in one's life. William Shakespeare's sonnets are well-known for including varying themes of shame, happiness, melancholy, fear and so forth. His sonnets focus on a young man, a woman and sometimes a male friend, often expressing the relationships between all three. Sonnet 20... ..."hue" and "hues" as though to note a difference in the meaning of each word. This works out because they do have different meanings in the ways that they are used. "Hue" refers to the authority of the speaker, whereas after the break, "hues" become all the other figures or men who have also been drawn to this particular man. Thus, it is evident in the overall poem that the relationship between the speaker and the targeted male is not of two good friends. The speaker is experiencing a feeling of deep sensual love for a man. Indeed, there is nothing in a poem that is accidental. The structure, rhythm, and even the sound of the poem is a clue in grasping the poem's true meaning. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. ?Sonnet 20? Poetry Archive. http://www.poetry-archive.com/s/shakespeare_sonnet_020.html (05/08/2003). Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet 20 Essay -- Papers Shakespeare Sonnet Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet 20 Sonnet 20 appears to be about an affectionate love that the speaker develops for an unnamed man. He describes the man as having a woman's face that Nature painted with its own hand. The speaker calls this admired person his "master mistress." He goes on to say that this man has the gentle heart of a woman but is not inconsistent as is the way with women. He has eyes that are brighter than the eyes of any women. His eyes are so true and sincere that they light up every object that they look upon. He is a man of shape and form (and of authority) and all other figures are in his control. Furthermore, he steals the attention of men and amazes the hearts of women. The speaker continues to explain his reasons for not being able to be with this man. The speaker claims that this man was originally intended to be created as a woman. However, Nature made a foolish mistake in making him. By adding one extra thing, Nature has defeated the poet. By adding this one feature, she has prevented the poet from ever fulfilling his desire in having him. Then the poet exclaims that although Nature made this man for the pleasure of women, let his body be women's treasure and let him have this man's love. Sonnets are often written about desire, whether it be the desire of a man and woman for one another, or a desire to fulfill a missing element in one's life. William Shakespeare's sonnets are well-known for including varying themes of shame, happiness, melancholy, fear and so forth. His sonnets focus on a young man, a woman and sometimes a male friend, often expressing the relationships between all three. Sonnet 20... ..."hue" and "hues" as though to note a difference in the meaning of each word. This works out because they do have different meanings in the ways that they are used. "Hue" refers to the authority of the speaker, whereas after the break, "hues" become all the other figures or men who have also been drawn to this particular man. Thus, it is evident in the overall poem that the relationship between the speaker and the targeted male is not of two good friends. The speaker is experiencing a feeling of deep sensual love for a man. Indeed, there is nothing in a poem that is accidental. The structure, rhythm, and even the sound of the poem is a clue in grasping the poem's true meaning. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. ?Sonnet 20? Poetry Archive. http://www.poetry-archive.com/s/shakespeare_sonnet_020.html (05/08/2003).

Apollo 13 Notes Essay

In the move Apollo 13 the stages of group development can be seen in the relationships with the Astronauts Lovell, Haise, Mattingly and Swigert. When we first see the Astronauts they are a well-oiled machine. They know each other’s movements and they can predict what one another is going to do next. The Astronauts are confident in each other which make them more confident in the success of their mission. Then Mattingly is removed from the mission just two days before take-off and replaced with Swigert, instantly the whole groups dynamic changes. Lovell and Haise do not trust Swigert and they are uncertain of his abilities. We can see how this uncertainty affects them as a team. In one scene when they are practicing in the simulator we can see how Lovell and Haise do not trust Swigert, how they feel he is a â€Å"Hot shot† and this ultimately leads to Swigert trying to prove himself and ends up killing them in the simulator. We see this strain again when they are aboard Apollo 13 when Swigert is told by Mission Control to stir the tanks and there is a malfunction. The first words out of Haise’s mouth directed toward Swigert are: †What did you do wrong?† This malfunction had nothing to do with Swigert’s experience. Because if Lovell or Haise were told to stir the tanks, no one would have questioned them. As the movie progresses we see Swigert is usually the odd man out when Lovell and Haise need to trust and depend on each other. The groups dynamic starts to shift the longer the men are aboard the ship in space. Swigert starts to become more of an asset instead of a liability when offering his expertise. When Mission Control finally figures out what is needed to do to get them back to Earth, Swigert is trusted by Lovell and Haise to run the protocol and ultimately is given the controls by Lovell to finally fly them home. By the end of the movie they are a solid team and trust each other. Swigert’s interpersonal needs are to be successful in his mission and be accepted by his team. His individual goal is to get to space. The groups goal is to work together so they can make it back home alive.

MAC Brand Analysis Essay

1.0 Introduction The cosmetic industry is very competitive industry where product benefits and brand image are keys to success. The purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the brand M.A.C and its product lipstick with focus on T-C-B and I-D-U analysis, a clear positioning statement and target audience (s) including brand loyalty categories. The purpose at the end of this assignment is to have an understanding of what objective M.A.C needs to focus on for a creative strategy in the second part of this assignment. 2.0 Brand & Product Description The type of product selected for the positioning exercise is lipstick; the specific brand selected is M.A.C cosmetics owned by Estlee Lauder Corporation. It is noted that â€Å"lipstick† is a product description and is not owed but the company thus demonstrating M.A.C is one brand corporation. To determine if M.A.C has a strong market positioning within the women’s cosmetic industry particularly with their lipstick product both secondary research (trade publications) and individual â€Å"depth† interviews were conduct (see Appendix A ), and will be used for evaluation and conclusion. 3.0 Analysis The tools/models used for determining M.A.C’s market position were T.C.B & IDU models. The T-C-B model was used as a baseline for a serious of questions to guide a particular set of respondents that M.A.C caters for and is aiming to achieve a strong market position in this select category. 3.1 T-C-B 3.1.1 The Target Customer (T) Positioning The primary target demographic for any brand of lipstick is female. The types of consumers that are interested in bold colour selection, wanting to feel sexy and fashionable and want a lipstick that fit into their own personal style are M.A.C’s target audience. Thus the respondents used for this analysis are young fashionable conscious individual who seeking a look without compromising on the fashion trends. 3.1.2 The Category need (C) Positioning There are many needs that the product lipstick needs to satisfy to the consumer. The general needs that all lipstick must fill are coverage or â€Å"staying power† and hydration (lips not drying out) this was concluded form appendix A. The needs that M.A.C lipstick specifically fills can be divided into physical needs and the emotional needs. The most important physical needs as identify by â€Å"in-depth interviews† were a good range of colours and appealing packaging. The most important emotional needs stated through in depth interviews were the social and individual needs. 3.1.3 Benefits (B) Positioning To conclude that the following Key benefits were important to M.A.C target audience and the company and fill the category needs were drawn from the various responses from the in-depth interviews. These benefits are a â€Å"way in† to increase and maintain the target market (T). M.A.C fills the physical need being the large range of colours of lipstick by having the largest range of lipstick colours with 136 shades in their permanent collection not including the releases of new limited every few week. Compare to Bobbi Brown have only 36 shades in their permanent collection and Chanel which has 67 shades this was discovered through secondary research and by confirming this with in-depth interviews.When comparing the pictures of various packaging of different brands of lipstick in the in-depth interviews stimuli used to help identify benefits of the lipstick category to understand the various competing it was concluded that M.A.C packaging as describe by the respondents as simple , plastic/glass, eye-catching, chic, stylish and high product. Social needs is satisfied by belonging to a group. M.A.C associates itself with fashion, prestige beauty and youth culture and markets their product through testimonials and word of mouth via fashion shows and celebrities. Consumers who use M.A.C lipstick are â€Å"automatically† introduced to the M.A.C culture and their social need is satisfied. The need of individual is the biggest focus of M.A.C lipstick. An individual may have a need for self-expression and this is expressed by fashion and style. M.A.C realised that it could satisfy this need by simple product packaging made of plastic or glass; products have straight forward names and trend setting colours. 3.2 I-D-U Analysis 3.2.1 Central versus differentiated benefit positioning M.A.C lipstick adopts differentiated positioning on at least one important benefit. For instance M.A.C is functionally different bright range of colours and its target user is â€Å"individualists who express through fashion†. Rather than central positioning as the women’s industry is so competitive and to be successful M.A.C lipstick positioning will deliver better results for the corporation. As M.A.C lipstick is not seen as the consumer as â€Å"best of its kind† through in-depth interviews. 3.2.2 Emphasized benefit: Instinctual, archetypal, emotional or rational The benefit to be emphasized as the key benefit of M.A.C lipstick is the large range of colours to select from. This is emphasized as an both a functional benefit and emotional benefit proposition and uses type 2 of emotion. As M.A.C lipstick uses the strong appeal of being fashionable and sexy with a large range of colours to choose from as a transformational positive ending motivating emotion as evidence by the in-depth interviews. 3.2.3 Entry-tickets benefits The benefits what the consumer expects for M.A.C is to have a large range of colour for being a lipstick product category. However the consumers of M.A.C lipstick are told that M.A.C lipstick have the biggest range of colours through the professional make-up artist as employees through the M.A.C social network (twitter, Facebook) It was concluded that M.A.C lip colour range is the key benefit that make M.A.C should focus on promoting to the target consumer as it is the closes to the â€Å"ideal brand in that benefit when comparing 5 other brands. M.A.C clear delivery of the range of lip colours and their uniqueness set them apart from other brand. 4.0 Positioning Statement & Target audience 4.1 Positioning statement Determine the positioning statement for M.A.C from the TCB and IDU analysis the findings from the brand analysis are the following; The competitors of M.A.C are not just the leaders in women’s cosmetics lipstick but range from all companies that have a stake in the cosmetics industry. A perceptual map was devised from the in-depth interviews for an easy diagram showed all the competitors. (Appendix) These are all the competitors that must be taken into consideration when developing the positioning statement. Using the Rossiter-Percy-Bellman Grid it is establish that the product is acceptable in the low involvement, transformational sector this was further confirmed with the in-depth interviews. The attribute that were important to the consumers when evaluating the product of women’s lipstick these were discovered as; fashionable, sexy, range of colours, smoothness, staying power and hydration these where then rank or delivery and uniqueness by the top 5 main competitors and no-brand as all the other competitors see appendix B and C. Based on the IDU analysis and consumer research see appendix A, B &C it was determined how each competitor is positioned in the vision of the consumer. The top two main competitors of M.A.C were to be considered as Chanel and Bobbi Brown based on both higher end pricing and a large colour option pallet and are to be consider the leaders in the women’s cosmetics:- lipstick industry. So M.A.C needs to offer the consumer something very unique in the positioning statement to have brand differentiation to increase and maintain the target market. The various factors that distinguish the M.A.C consumer and their lifestyle, their purchase motivations and their different attributes that are important to them were concluded from the research (Appendix A). The positioning statement:- M.A.C is the women’s cosmetic brand that provides consumers lipstick to women who are 18-30 and belongs to the socioeconomic class of middle-high (T), M.A.C lipstick satisfies the need of self-expression in every women to be fashion forward and be accepted in the M.A.C culture (C) M.A.C’s benefit intention is to have the largest selection of lip colours, the most fashion forward of its kind in the industry and be artistic and creative for all women. (B) M.A.C needs to constantly work on their positioning statement to increase their brand market share via T-C-B & I-D-U brand analysis by doing this the company can always increase the perceived delivery of the M.A.C lipstick. 4.2 Target audience The target audience should be broadly described as 18-35 female in the middle-high social economic class. These are the follow segments that M.A.C is enter in with their differentiation marketing. M.A.C divides the market of their lipstick product into demographic segmentation being female and a specific age group because over 90% of their users belong in this specific category. However the product is not limited to this demographic segmentation. M.A.C furthermore divides the market on the basis of personality being fashion forward, artistic and creative which is a form of psychographic segmentation. The buying situations in which target market purchase M.A.C lipstick (that were discovered form in-depth interviews) where; outlets both direct through online shopping and in-store department store (David Jones), benefits sought as in the large colour range M.A.C product provides.. The consumers of M.A.C lipstick are brand loyals, however they can be routinized favourable brand switchers as well this is due to the positioning of M.A.C lipstick in the Rossiter-Percy-Bellman grid.

Ethics in the journalism Essay

Ethics in the journalism sector is not a new issue of debate. Journalism ethics has been described as â€Å"a dysfunctional ethical discourse† by Iggers (as cited by Mccabe, 1999). The role of media is always very important in manufacturing the consent of people and develops a view regarding any particular issue. However the way news is collected, compiled and presented is always a question of debate. Citizens get the information regarding the social problems. The media has the capacity to bring the change. The traditional media is based on the maturity of the information, published news and different other subjects. Media has moved from its traditional role of observer to the change agent within the society (Mccabe, 1999, p. 199). The role of technology in media presentation has been very crucial in the recent past. The information is available easily on the website. â€Å"The Internet blurs traditional categories like â€Å"professional† versus â€Å"amateur,† â€Å"published† versus â€Å"unpublished,† and â€Å"public† versus â€Å"private. Existing rules for the ethical conduct of human subjects research that rely on these categories are thus difficult to extend to this new medium. † (Bruckman, n. d. ) Information available on the various websites makes it convenient and handy. However, the reliability of information available at this source is questionable. The referencing of the sources from which information has been obtained and how the credit has been given is always important in order to maintain the ethical standards of the journalism in this internet age.

Effectiveness of Double Entry Accounting System Essay

Giving examples, evaluate the effectiveness of the controls in the double entry system of accounting in ensuring the accuracy of the accounts. As well as examining the controls, your evaluation should consider errors that do not affect the balancing of the trial balance. Double entry accounting system was invented in 15th century and still being in use until today, this is quite an interesting fact; however it indicates that there is something about the system, thus making it so effective and irreplaceable. To evaluate the effectiveness of the controls in the double entry system, we should first question ourselves why is double entry book keeping system is still being used until today. Double entry book keeping is very useful because it can help spotting a lot of errors that accountants make every day. The fact of the matter is, that every transaction is being entered twice, which can eliminate some of the errors, that otherwise could have been missed out. For example, an accountant has debited ? 1409 P. Vasiljev’s account instead of ? 490, however because he had to credit the bank account as well, he looked at the transaction again, and spotted the error. Furthermore this system helps us to find errors using trial balance. As the trial balance will eventually be produced, it will identify whether or not, total of debit will equal to credit, if not, it indicates that errors has been made. Despite the fact, there are errors that double entry accounting will be unable to reveal, which will be shown below. (http://www. canhamrogers. com, 2011) Complete Reversal of Entries A payment of ? 16 to V. Putin, a supplier, was debited in the cash book and credited to V. Putin’s account. Compensating Error The bank account is under cast by ? 3000. The salaries account is also under casts by the same amount. Error of Omission The sale of products, ? 100 (plus VAT) to G. Bush, has been completely omitted from the books. Error of Commission A purchase of stock, ? 305 from D. Johnson was miss entered in J. Cena’s account. Error of Principle The purchase of a new office table, ? 150, is debited by mistake to the purchases account instead of equipment account. Error of Original Entry Rent of ? 96 paid by cash was entered in the both accounts as ? 69. Control Accounts A control account is a summary account in the general ledger. The details that support the balance in the summary account are contained in a subsidiary ledger – a ledger outside of the general ledger. The purpose of the control account is to keep the general ledger free of details, yet have the correct balance for the financial statements. For example, the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger could be a control account. If it were a control account, the company would merely update the account with a few amounts, such as total collections for the day, total sales on account for the day, total returns and allowances for the day, etc. The details on each customer and each transaction would not be recorded in the Accounts Receivable control account in the general ledger. Rather, these details of the accounts receivable activity will be in the Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger. This works well because the employees working with the general ledger probably do not need to see the details for every sale or every collection transaction. However, the sales manager and the credit manager will need to know detailed information on individual customers, including whether a customer recently reduced their account balance. The company can provide these individuals with access to the Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger and can keep the general ledger free of a tremendous amount of detail. (accountingcoach. com, 2011) Explain the importance of accurate accounting records in meeting the needs of the business and its stakeholders. Accounting is a very important tool in order to keep track of quantifiable factors of the business. The accounts are often used to demonstrate the flow of the money within the organisation. They are also made to organise financial information of the business in order for it to be analysed to see how well the business is doing, how much it is worth, and how much profit it is making. Accounting is making it easier to then demonstrate the outcomes and results of the business. With that being said, it is very clear that it is crucial for the accounts to be accurate. For the business it is important for the various reasons. First of all the business wants to see how well it is doing every year, that includes it’s gross and net profit, the worth of its assets and liabilities, etc. The accuracy of this information is vital, as the organisation’s leadership can then analyse this information and make decisions according to the outcomes. Second of all if the accounts are being produced inaccurate or incorrect, the organisation will most likely make wrong decisions, which may lead it to the loss of money or even bankruptcy. Secondly accurate accounts will help the day-to-day operations of the business. However stakeholders are also interested in the accuracy of the accounts for the various reasons presented below: Employees Employees of the business rely on accounts to receive the wages and salaries they have earned, this means that if accounts of the organisation are made inaccurately it may lead to employees receiving wrong amount of money, which is dreadful for various reasons. If the wages are overpaid, it means that the organisation has lost funds it shouldn’t have, whereas if they are underpaid it may lead to serious circumstances such as legal claims. Investors Investors that plan to invest funds into the organisation would look into accounts of the business in order to find whether it is profitable to put their money into the company. The accounts of the organisation will often be analysed, this means that the decision they make, will be dependent on the accounts, which is why it is vital for them, that the accounts are accurate. Board o Directors Board of directors, or the owner of the business, is analysing the accounts on the regular basis, whether it is monthly or annually. The decisions that the organisation is making regarding strategy, approach, etc. are dependent on the accounts. This is why it is critical that the accounts made are accurate, as if they aren’t wrong decision could be made, which may lead the company to huge financial losses. Government As all the businesses accounts must be submitted to the government, usually annually, it means that government would need accounts to be accurate. This is due to the fact that government would need to overlook the accounts in order to see whether all the taxes are being paid, and that everything remains under the law. Suppliers After producing â€Å"T accounts† and making few errors myself, it is now clearly seen that suppliers want accurate accounts in order to receive right amounts of money, once they’ve sold goods on credit to the company. If some of the entries within â€Å"T accounts† are entered inaccurately, the payment may be made to different supplier. Adding to that the business may underpay the supplier, which is not acceptable by any means.

Low Cost or Differentiation

1. Using scenario planning, analyze the pros and cons of each alternative. Alternative of low cost Pros * New traffic for budget conscious customers * More sales volume Cons * More needed space to hold product * Less product available because selling product faster * More labor required for replenishment of inventory and store front * More disgruntled employees from sheer volume of customers * High employee turnover from stress Alternative of differentiation Pros * Highlights company strengths and niches * Attract target customers * Higher revenue per transaction Lower cost because specialized inventory needs less space Cons * Alienate customers that can’t afford higher cost of product * Higher market risk because business is less diversified Alternative of using both low cost and differentiation Pros * More customer volume * More diversified customer base * More opportunities through greater sales options Cons * Need more space * Labor will feel more drained due to employees needing to have more product knowledge on a higher volume of product * Low cost diminishes the prestige and experience of the high cost * Low cost stigma diminished by expensive product . Think about the various clothing retailers in your local malls and city, and analyze the choices they have made about how to compete with one another along the low-cost and differentiation dimensions. Low cost Macy’s has gone to lower price points and over time lost prestige in the market. Macy’s has attempted to go for more volume but because of the recession was always empty whenever I walked into the store. They stopped lower cost because they didn’t want to lose appearance of the go to fashion locale, instead they were being viewed as the cheaper last season stop.Macy’s is now trying to stop the decline in their reputation but are still stuck in the middle, like the example in the book. Differentiation In the last five years Nordstrom seems to be the go to up to date fashion stop for people seeking high end fashion. The prices are noticeably higher. Nordstrom clearly differentiates themselves through superior customer service, cleaner stores, and top designer name brands. Nordstrom differentiates themselves further with a near unlimited open return policy, free alterations and tailoring, helpful employees happy to be there, and employees happy to help showing why they are worth the extra money.

ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE Assignment

ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE - Assignment Example The achievement of professional nurse autonomy is one of the major milestones that had influenced the development of nursing profession and practice. Holland (1999) defines professional nurse autonomy as the nurse perceived latitude or willingness to act as a responsible professional, independent from medical profession but interdependent to allied-health professions (p. 311). The traditional view of professional autonomy differs among gender. It had been evident during the time of Nightingale and the Crimean War where medical professionals rejected at first the offer of Florence Nightingale to help because of gender and professional prejudices. Male has been viewed as the dominant gender and doctors were superior to the nurses, limiting suggestions and decisions made by a nurse. Physicians viewed that collaborative care was only between physicians and clients and nurses are treated like servantsthan a powerful healer. But urgency of the circumstances had led the physician to accept the help of Florence Nightingale and 38 other nurses. Through Nightingale’s help, it was not only professional recognition of female nurses that has been achieved but the formal nursing education programs, reorganization, and advancement of professional nursing (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, 10). In addition, nurses were often oppressed and salaries were not sufficient during t he 1970s thus, nurses strive for economic stability and to the methods and ideals of science to gain professional recognition, equality, status, and rightful acceptance not only from the medical professions but also from the general public. Nursing has evolved from an indistinct, gender-biased, and physician-dependent profession to a notable field with independent nurse practitioners, both male and female in the health care arena. The struggles made by Nightingale addressed the need for nursing to be established as a profession, free from gender discrimination and separate

A CRITICAL INCIDENT REPORT Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A CRITICAL INCIDENT - Lab Report Example Therefore, giving dehydrated patients enough water serves to increase the ability of the patient to fight other illnesses, hence promoting their safety (â€Å"National Patient Safety Agency†, 2007). Consequent to this, the following discussion highlights one of the incidences that involved failure of a nurse to give water to a dehydrated patient. The error worsened the condition of the patient, increasing harm to the patient. I once observed an incidence that occurred in the surgical ward involving an elderly man, who was admitted with critical limb ischaemia. His right leg was greatly affected, thus causing him a lot of pain. The patient was also frail and was diagnosed with dehydration on admission, which characterizes many elderly patients (Scales, 2011). Therefore, an overnight plan was laid out to help him rehydrate his body. The plan consisted of close monitoring of the patient’s fluid balance as he was to be given plenty of water for the night. More to this, his urine measurements were to be taken on an hourly basis. However, the nurse on duty did not follow the plan as expected. The nurse seemed a bit tired on this particular night, thus spent little time with the patients. The patient received 1000ml of water in 12 hours, as the nurse did not take heed to the doctor’s instructions to monitor the patient closely. Additionally, the patient received only four urine measurements as opp osed to the hourly measurements. The patient’s output remained dangerously low during the entire period, but no action was taken to try and seek a solution for the patient. This made the condition of the patient worse as he was still dry, and made little urine in the morning. More to this, the leg of the patient had worsened, and the chances of salvaging the leg were quite low. This situation compromised the safety of the patient as water plays a critical role in a patient’s body. Therefore, denying this patient the water required by his body made his condition

What is the relationship between the services provided by HR managers Essay

What is the relationship between the services provided by HR managers and other leaders with regards to the levels of staff commitment - Essay Example Basically, the purpose of this quantitative, descriptive nature of research is to explore the relationship between critical dimensions between HR services provided and employee retention by surveying 1000 members from different branches in a financial institution based in Doha in the State of Qatar. The study also aims at assessing the available information about human resource practices, especially the focus is on how effectively the leaders can retain the employees through devising effective techniques that can be utilized, the role of HR personnel in improving employee commitment as an important objective of this study. The study also identifies the limitations of the leaders in their approach of suggesting improvement. The independent variable will be the job satisfaction and thus the retention of the employees, while this will be tested against several dependent variables such as (a) wages and bonuses (b) recognition on the job (c) teamwork and (d) availability of training, givi ng responsibility to the employees, flexibility of the leaders while dealing with his subordinates and similar variables. Chapter two specifically deals with reviewing of published literature that is relevant to the study which influenced the careful selection of the method of data collection to be implemented in the study.

The Usefulness of Cognitive Theories of Learning for Human Resource Essay

The Usefulness of Cognitive Theories of Learning for Human Resource Practitioner - Essay Example The paper tells that nowadays, senior managers tend to invest more money, time, and thought in the learning of their employees, and consider learning and development a strategic HR function Thus, it would be important to comprehend how and why learning takes place. Theories of workplace learning are placed into three main categories; these are psychological, socio-cultural and postmodern theories. Each view has different focus and contribution to different contexts. Various cognitive theories have been put forward including the Piaget developmental stage theory, the Bandura social cognitive theory, and Vysotsky and the Zone of proximal development. All these have a contribution to the development of employees and have been implemented at different levels. Cognitive theories of learning have enhanced employee productivity and effectiveness in most of the areas that they have been applied. Learning is a very important aspect of both individuals as well as organizational development. Le arning is a wide concept that has attracted several definitions from different individuals in different contexts. According to Wilson, learning is the process whereby knowledge, attitude or behavior is changed as a result of formal training and development, or transformation of informal experiences. Many assumptions have been proposed over the years to explain different cognitive approaches. The theories of three outstanding cognitive theorists including Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bandura explain some of the cognitive aspects that are very important when it comes to influencing the workforce in an organization. The development of a person has been a subject of intensive research by psychologists all across the world. One of the outstanding theories in this area is the Piaget developmental stage theory that helps us to understand behavioral development, especially at a young age. According to Piaget’s findings, there are four developmental stages that individuals go through, both o f which are relative to cognitive development. The first is the sensory-motor period in about the first two years when the child can only focus on physical interactions with their immediate environment. Next is the preoperational period from two to seven years old. During this stage, the child develops language skills and is able to think symbolically though still cannot think completely logical and empathetically. The period from seven to eleven years old is called concrete operational stage when the child becomes more rational to solve a simple problem and develops logical thought. The formal operational stage from adolescence through adulthood was Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development in children. The child/ adult develop the ability to think theoretically and formulate hypotheses. This theory was immensely influential on education research and policy during the 20th century.

E-Payment Systems Assignemnt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Payment Systems Assignemnt - Assignment Example The report will also try to underline a comparison among the mentioned methods. Apart from that the report will also emphasize on the aspect of database security of the seller. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Method 1: Credit or Debit Card 5 Method 2: Cash on Delivery 6 8 Method 3: Mobile Phone Payment 8 Matrix Comparison 10 Security 11 References 12 Introduction In spite of the incident of dot-com bust, internet has changed the way organizations carry out their business. Internet helps an organization in finding new avenues of generating revenue, achieving new set of customers and also managing the supply chain of the business. Internet has significantly impacted on the global economy (Reynolds, 2004, p.5). Organizations also understood that internet is one the best medium of carrying out the business in a cost effective way and directly selling the products to the end user, thereby restricting entry of any third party. Thus during the early 1990’s the co ncept of e-commerce were hugely incorporated into the business process of the organizations. Electronic commerce or what is commonly known as e-commerce is an application which facilitates online selling and buying of goods and services. It offers online fund transfer; Electronic Data Exchange (EDI), online marketing and different other applications. The major advantages of using e-commerce are maximization of speed in the context of service delivery, reduction in the overall cost and also quicker response to the customers. Electronic commerce also plays crucial role in the process of online payment. Online payment method refers to the process of directly transferring funds to the seller’s bank account. The biggest advantage of an online payment option is that it instantly completes the entire process of payment. The electronic payment options which are accepted in e-commerce include credit cards, debit cards, cash cards and internet banking. Furthermore in order to conduct i nternational money transfers there are several online platforms such as PayPal, alert pay and Google checkout among other which aid in the process of transferring money. Therefore in order to facilitate online payment options issues such as convenience of customer and technical infrastructure and the security of the method must be taken into account. Thus modern systems need to be incorporated for better and smoother transaction. The recommended methods of payments are summarized below:- Method 1: Credit or Debit Card A debit or a credit card is one of the most widely used and accepted method of payment. Credit cards or debit cards are generally issued by banks or any other financial institutions. In this payment method the user directly transfers the money to the seller’s bank account either from its own bank account or through the credit issued by the banking authority. The process is also very simple, thus it will provide huge convenience to the customers. Furthermore it a lso consumes very less time the payment process can be carried out within few minutes. In case of customers making use of credit card they need to repay it later to issuing authority while on the contrary debit card users pay real time from their respective bank account (Radu, 2003, p.2). The option also provides high security to both the