African Americans And The American Revolution - 1122 Words

In their demands for liberty and equality, African Americans would point to their role in all of America’s wars. Many fought for liberty in the American Revolution, like Philadelphia’s James Forten who served aboard an American privateer. God created all men equal. Why are they not being treated equally? Blacks and whites should be protected by the same laws and privileges. James Forten was a freeborn African American who had a nice job and was very wealthy for his time. Forten says, â€Å"Whilst so much is being done in the world, to ameliorate the condition of mankind, and the spirit of Freedom is marching with rapid strides and causing tyrants to tremble, may America awake from the apathy in which she has long slumbered.† The northern states were slowly starting to abolish slavery and some the whites in Pennsylvania did not like all of the free slaves in their state still. Pennsylvania was once a refuge for free African Americans. Forten demanded to be treated the same as whites and have full citizenship. I agree that African Americans are created equally and should be protected by the same laws. The legal principles James Forten used were the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Those two documents are the most important in American history. Forten appealed to what God has spoken. â€Å"So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.† (Genesis 1:27) His ideas were formed by Thomas Paine and other famousShow MoreRelatedAfrican American And The American Revolution1277 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American and the American Revolution â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† The American Revolution is considered one of the greatest and most memorable eras in United States history. Colonist were under the rule of the British which eventually created a problem for them. They came to the realization that being under GreatRead MoreAfrican Americans During The American Revolution1686 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the American Revolution, African Americans fought on both sides. Those who fought were given their freedom and, in some instances, provided with land after the war. African American slaves who fought for the Loyalists were resettled after the war in places such as Nova Scotia, Upper and Lower Canada, and England. Those, however, who were on ships that went to the Caribbean remained slaves until 1834 when slavery was abolished in the British colonies. African American freemen and slaves, althoughRead MoreThe Haitian Revolution And African Americans1562 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the Haitian Revolution inspired many revolts made from African Americans, African American themselves were not significantly responsible for slavery’s end. However, different regions had different circumstances that caused African Americans to either have an abundance amount of influence to slavery’s end or little to no influence. The reason being is due to the level of resistance that varied depending on the location of the slaves. Many of the slaves had to depend on the number of supportersRead MoreWomen and African American Roles After the American Revolution754 Words   |  4 PagesThe roles of many started changing after the American Revolution, in what could be done and who was able to do it. This began the revolution of people who now had a taste of what the future could hold and how important their role would be in making sure it is better for all future generations. In particular women and African-Americans, two groups of individuals who for very different reasons were looked at as inferior and could only do so much in the grand scheme of things. These two groups wereRead MoreEvery Revolution Gives Birth to Another: Lives of African-American Women and Native American Women622 Words   |  3 PagesEvery Revolution Gives Birth to Another When Americans look back at the ways in which African American women and Native American women as recently as not much more than a century ago, they might well be shocked at the ways in which their lives were limited by both legal and cultural restrictions. Since then they have made significant progress towards equality, although both groups lag behind other American demographic groups in terms of life expectancy, chronic disease, work opportunities, wagesRead MoreThe Revolutionary War Of Independence1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution which began as a War of Independence for American quickly transformed into a civil battle between the American patriots and loyalists joined by Indian forces. This war of independence, irrefutably, had a great effect on the citizens of America in varying degrees. The revolution, of course, gave a free rein to unforeseen political revolutions which often spark social revolutions. However, the American Revolution has foreseen the beginnin g of an abolitionist movement for AfricanRead MoreGil Scott Heron Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesforty years ago, however, rap music focused on an entirely different subject matter. During the 1970s, African Americans sung rap songs to express the need for Black empowerment in society; though their form of singing was not called rapping back then, it was called spoken word poetry, a form of song in which verses of poetry were performed with a fixed beat before an audience. African Americans used this style of singing to express the discontent with the economics and politics during the 1970s.Read MoreEssay The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War697 Words   |  3 Pages The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the Souths economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However, onlyRead MoreWhy Do Some Groups Have The Status That They Do?1230 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do some groups have the status that they do? On this planet, Revolutions have played a vital role in shaping the people, and for this reason, there have been countless changes. However, when analyzing the American Revolution, it brought little to no reform for African Americans, Native Americans, and women. Of the three, women would receive the biggest increase in status, followed by African Americans, and Native Americans would slip in rank. These groups wo uld acquire some modification withRead MoreThe Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the Souths economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However,

John Updike’s AP - 1429 Words

The nineteen fifties marked the era of differences between the parents and their children. Not until the nineteen sixties was there turning point in the nation. The generation gaps are the differences amongst the younger generation and their elders, and mainly amongst children and their parents. Generation gap still occurs today, in thing varying from behavior, to genres of music, and even in usage of language. The new generations try to express themselves as something different from the old, embracing new slang, trying to form a separation between themselves and the previous generation. In John Updike’s â€Å"A P†, a teenage boy named Sammy works at a local store called AP. Sammy is a young casher, that stands up to his boss and he stands†¦show more content†¦Sammy likes the girls and he thinks about them a lot- how they interact, and what they wear and goes into great detail of how they look. Sammy describes Lengel is strict, uptight and is you’re stereotypical boss. Lengel is a hard worker who is misunderstood and he takes Sammy’s place when Sammy quits his job. Sammy also sees Lengel as someone who doesn’t miss much-â€Å"Sunday school superintendent.† Lengel hides in his office all day. Lengel tries to explain to Sammy when he quits that he is hurting his parents, and that Lengel has known Sammy’s parents for years, â€Å" Sammy, you don’t want to do this to your mom and Dad†(Updike 1171). Sammy realizes that he doesn’t want to do this to his parents, but Sammy is his own person. Sammy rebels against the store, because how Lengel treated the three girls. Lengel criticizes the girls because they are wearing bathing suits. The bathing suits symbolize the girls’ neglect of the social rules of their small town. For Sammy the bathing suits symbolize freedom and a getaway from the world that he is stuck in. Coming from two different generations Sammy and Lengel sees the girls wearing the bathing suits from different sides. Lengel criticizing the girls symbolizing Sammy trying to find out who he wants to be. Sammy is a hero, because he stood up not only for Queenie and her friends, but also for something he thought was ok. The nineteen sixties had transformed the nation. The nineteenShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in John Updikes A P1440 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updikes short story A P recounts how an adolescent supermarket cashier named Sammy has his life changed forever when three girls in bathing suits shop in the store where he works. He is the first person narrator who shapes the tale with his descriptions, attitudes and opinions. He is the protagonist who grows up quickly in a single day and the only round, fully developed character in the tale. As you proceed through the story and become acquainted with Sammys opinions and ideas, it becomesRead MoreJohn Updikes AP Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Updike’s short story, AP the writer takes you on a youths memory that involves the choices and consequences that life can deal to anyone who has not had time to test a rash decision. The narrator is an immature nineteen-year-old cashier who is about to make a giant leap from adolescence to m anhood. Sammy narrates with opinions of not only his life, but also the people in the town. Sammy opposes with the way these people live their lives, and is determined to set a different course for hisRead More John Updikes A P Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updikes A P At first read, John Updikes A P contrasts old and new; the old manager in his settled life conflicting with the new age of girls wearing bathing suits in buildings. All the while, the narrator stuck in the middle, finally deciding to join the side of new, or youth. Instead of old vs. new, an observation closer to the heart of the story is conflict between the worlds of the rich and the middle class. ?A P? is the setting for one man to decide in which way he will seekRead MoreEssay on John Updikes AP865 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Updikes AP Many of the events that take place in John Updikes AP would not have happened had the town lived under a Marxist society. Marxism is a socio-economic ideal where all people work for the good of the community and is characterized by not having any social class distinctions. The division of Classes in AP is very apparent, especially between Sammy, the protagonist and first person narrator, and the three girls, one of the three antagonists, who walk into the storeRead MoreJohn Updikes AP Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pages Winners Sometimes Quit Try and remember what it was like to be a teenager. The short story â€Å"Aamp;P† tells the coming of age story of a nineteen year old boy named Sammy. Sammy has unknowingly placed himself into a situation that many small town adolescents often fall victim to. Sammy has a dead end job, and he feels as though he will be stuck working at the local â€Å"Aamp;P† while life passes him by. This is until a chance encounter with three young female customers changes his course from miniRead MoreEssay on Personality in John Updikes AP1275 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter to make them stand out in a story.nbsp; In A amp; P by John Updike, Sammy starts off as a young man discontent with his ordinary adult surroundings and moves to his need to change it. Throughout the story, Sammy describes and interprets the scenes around him, consequently revealing his own character, by which can be related through the use of Thomas Chous Ennegram, to distinguish his personality type. nbsp; John Updike gives the reader an inside look into the adolescent mindRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updikes AP Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes story AP talks about a 19-year old lad, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could not figure out why they would still beRead MoreChanges (John Updikes AP) Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302.2E1 Changes Breaking away from the traditional is a struggle that contains several sacrifices and consequences. In John Updike’s â€Å"AP,† Sammy is a young teenager who transforms his wishes into reality. At first glance, he seems like a normal teenage boy, but instead he is an observational character who is trying to find a way to stand up for himself. Throughout the story, he undergoes changes toRead MoreJohn Updikes aP : Sammys Growth1545 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes AP : Sammys Growth John Updikes story AP is about a nineteen year old boy, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he couldRead MoreRebellion And Symbolism In John Updikes A P1842 Words   |  8 PagesThe short story â€Å"A P,† tells the story of a nineteen-year-old boy named Sammy who works in the local town grocery store. Sammy is the narrator of the story; one day while he was working at the cash register, three girls wearing nothing but bathing suits walk in. He instantaneously notices the girls, one in particular. He named her Queenie and she is seen as the leader or ‘queen bee’ of the three girls. As these girls walk th rough the grocery store they start to create a scene and get the attention

Business Research for Assurance and Responsiveness- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research for Assurance and Responsiveness. Answer: Reflection report This research was beneficial to me to gain the understanding about the perceived quality and its influence on customer choices in retail. I have learned that retail manager should create a unique image in the mind of shoppers to get competition benefits in the retail industry. Hence, it was significant for me to understand the purchasing decision of customers (Flanagin, et. al., 2014). As a result, I can make effective marketing strategies to attract more customers and this will improve my professional career. During this research, I have also learned that company should emphasize on differentiated marketing strategies to beat the competition in the retail market. Further, it makes sure the company to effectively run in the existing rivalry. In this way, it has developed my marketing skills as I am competent to build new marketing strategy in an organization. Another thing that I have learned from this research is the quality of products and services. I have pointed that quality is a strategic element to get competitive benefits hence organization should give priority to this strategy. It is also assessed that quality of products facilitates a better position to offer high extent of satisfaction and creating desired loyalty (Subramanian, et. al., 2014). This strategy was effective to me to develop the strategy in an organization to get competitive benefits in long-term. This research has also developed my understanding regarding SERVQUAL dimension which is used to measure the level of service quality. This dimension measures the quality on the basis of different factors named empathy, assurance, responsiveness, tangibles, and reliability (Orel and Kara, 2014). Therefore, it enables me to measure the level of service quality within an organization. During this research, I have also observed that image of the store relies on the entire perception of customers towards the store. Moreover, It is analyzed that can provide a positive experience to customers to build the distinct image in their mind towards the store. This is beneficial to me to create a positive image in customers mind towards the stores in future. I have also developed my knowledge regarding strategies that cannot be replicated by the competitors such as differentiation, and modification in product, service, and price. It is significant for me to develop competitive strategies within an organization. As a result, it will aid me to enhance my professional growth in long term. I have also developed my understanding about two broader concepts such as functional features and psychological features. In this way, I have learned that psychological features represent the belief of the shopper that can be steadily changed by functional level features of the store. Moreover, the functional level of features entails the location, convenience of the store, and layout of the store (Oliver, 2014). These broader concepts are beneficial to me develop a distinct image in the customers mind towards their products and services. From this research, I have learned that consumer behavior is the integration of obtaining the consumers and disposing of the products with utilization as well as delivering services. I have gained an understanding that consumer behavior is the mixture of mental, physical and emotional practices by which people select, purchase, use and dispose of the products and services which can satisfy their desires and needs (Kallweit, et. al., 2014). This concept is effective for me to develop effective strategies due to having depth understanding consumer behavior, as a result, it would enhance my professional growth. During this research, I have also pointed that there are certain non-frequent and frequent shoppers for the existing departmental stores. These consumers can be younger and educated as well as have relatively high level of income. Hence, now I am able to become a good marketing manager within an organization. Moreover, I have analyzed that there are different elements of service quality that has recognized by the customer to assess the effectiveness of value proposition. I have also focused on the research methodology part which was beneficial to assess the information about the perceived quality and its influence on customer choices in retail in a systematic manner. I have also created knowledge about the importance of research question within a research. I have analyzed that research question is used to provide a guiding standard for assessing the appropriate relevant literature as compared to engaging in confusion due to diversity aspects associated with the perception of service quality and preferences of customers (Floyd, et. al., 2014). From the research, I have gained an understanding that process of research design is implemented for building the research methodology. This is used to facilitate the methodological design for resolving the research issue. Consequently, it would be beneficial to develop effective research methodology about the further research issue in future. Under this research, I have pointed that there are different elements that should be included in research methodology named sampling, data collection, research activity, and data analysis (Das, 2014). This would be beneficial to develop the effective research design regarding research issue in future, as a result, it would enhance my professional career. I have also developed my knowledge about different techniques of sampling named probability and non-probability techniques. In this way, I have learned that probability sampling is a process when each participant of the population has an equal opportunity of being selected in the survey thorough questionnaire. Along with this, I have observed that non-probability sampling is depending on the selection of respondent as per the specific precedent (Flanagin, et. al., 2014). These sampling methods were beneficial to enhance my research skills as I am competent to select the participants for getting the information about research issue. From this research, I have built my knowledge regarding data collection method. In this way, I have learned that there are two methods of gathering information named primary and secondary. There are different sources is used to gather the information through these methods. For example, the survey is used to collect the fresh information whereas secondary data can be gathered through different academic journals, academic publication, textbook and online and offline sources. I have also pointed that data analysis is used after collecting the data. In this way, statistical data is used to present the information through different charts, graph, and column diagram. In the last, I have learned that Gantt chart is used to estimate the time schedule for completing the research (Cantallops and Salvi, 2014). Hence, this research is beneficial to me to grow in future due to developing different skills. References Cantallops, A. S., and Salvi, F. (2014) New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels,International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp. 41-51. Das, G. (2014) Linkages of retailer awareness, retailer association, retailer perceived quality and retailer loyalty with purchase intention: a study of Indian food retail brands,Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(3), pp. 284-292. Flanagin, A. J., Metzger, M. J., Pure, R., Markov, A., and Hartsell, E. (2014) Mitigating risk in e-commerce transactions: perceptions of information credibility and the role of user-generated ratings in product quality and purchase intention,Electronic Commerce Research,14(1), pp. 1-23. Floyd, K., Freling, R., Alhoqail, S., Cho, H. Y., and Freling, T. (2014) How online product reviews affect retail sales: A meta-analysis,Journal of Retailing,90(2), pp. 217-232. Kallweit, K., Spreer, P., and Toporowski, W. (2014) Why do customers use self-service information technologies in retail? The mediating effect of perceived service quality,Journal of retailing and consumer services,21(3), pp. 268-276. Oliver, R. L. (2014)Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. UK: Routledge. Orel, F. D., and Kara, A. (2014) Supermarket self-checkout service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical evidence from an emerging market,Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(2), pp.118-129. Subramanian, N., Gunasekaran, A., Yu, J., Cheng, J., and Ning, K. (2014) Customer satisfaction and competitiveness in the Chinese E-retailing: Structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to identify the role of quality factors,Expert Systems with Applications,41(1), pp. 69-80.

Summer Nights free essay sample

All I need is one place to free my mind of all the bad weather. One place where the storm finally settles, where the waters are calm and the sky is clear. I come here to get away from all types of distractions, from the stress filled messages through technology. This place means more to me than any simple object ever could. This is where I have found peace. As a breeze lightly brushes the hair off my shoulders, I take a long, deep breath in through my nose and out my mouth. I close my eyes only to imagine myself on the peak of a mountain far, far away from this world. I close my eyes to see. Only when my eyes are blocked off from all unpleasant distractions, can my heart find what it truly desires. When my eyes are closed, I tune into the small noises that lurk around me in the humid, dark night. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer Nights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I hear the breath of the wind and the whistling of it’s brother, the breeze. I hear the rustling and scratching of the critters scurrying below me as they scavenge for food. I hear the pounding of my wrestling dogs below me. I can feel their thumps sending vibrations through the walls. I hear my father on the phone, as usual. It makes me wonder if he ever notices the small wonders of life with a phone glued to the side of his head or if he notices anything at all. I start to feel alone so my hands find each other. My arms wrap themselves around my knees to have that feeling like someone’s holding me and at the same time, I have someone to hold. I sit at the peak of my mountain with my feet at a slant, pressed against the rough, grainy texture to keep me from slipping anywhere but into tranquillity. I feel my shoulders and neck, only covered by a light sweater, slightly shiver as a warm breeze passes by. I feel the weight being lifted from my eyes as they long for the sight I came here for. As my eyes slowly open, ready to face reality, I see myself standing taller than the trees, taller than the small critters in my back yard, taller than any worries could ever reach. As my eyes slowly drift from what’s below me to what’s above, I suddenly feel how small I really am. The dark, blue, silky sky is lit up only by the millions of stars it holds, the few planes that pass by, and of course, my best friend, the moon. When everything that could go wrong in my day has, this is where I go to find peace, happiness, and a smile. Some nights, when Im smiling up at my big, bright friend, I can almost see him smiling back at me. During the winter, I long for summer nights for this reason especially. I dream of that warm summer feel that sends shivers up my spine only to send goose bumps right back down. This is where I find peace when the world refuses to show it to me. This is my oasis. This is my roof.

Outdorr vs Indoor Games Essay Example

Outdorr vs Indoor Games Essay Example Outdorr vs Indoor Games Essay Outdorr vs Indoor Games Essay Outdoor Games vs Video Games September 15, 2009 by freelancewriter4u How outdoor games can help your child Remember the days when you were a child. What did you mostly do when not studying? Of course you would be playing outdoor games. The list of the outdoor games that we used to play is unlimited. There are many games that we used to play as a child. Most of these games are outdoor games and can be played only with a group of other children. Apart from just drenching in sweat, these outdoor games taught us a few things too. The very first thing the children learns from outdoor games is to be a good team player, to set up a target and try to achieve it. The child also gets a chance to prove being the star player of the team, one who takes the team to victory in most instances. This helps to develop some leadership skills in the child. Apart from that, outdoor games helps in increasing the stamina and endurance of the child. This is because all the outdoor games require a lot of physical activity. This means that the outdoor games help the child to develop his overall personality. You can get more knowledge playing football in the ground than reading it in the books. Today’s children are different from the children of previous generations. They are more interested in playing video games or sitting hours on the play stations than in playing outdoor games. They are more technology oriented. It is really amazing that the age of the child does not matter at all while playing these games. No matter how young the child is he knows everything about the features of computer and mobile phones but do not know team work due to lack of outdoor games play. The hundreds of channels on television and internet have helped to increase the I. Q level of the children. This has made children much more organized and mature than in our times. But every coin has an other side. These gadgets are addicting. They have made the children so much addicted to PC and PS that they do not enjoy the outdoor games anymore. The fact is that even the parents of these children prefer them playing indoors under the air conditioner instead of playing outdoor games and getting dirty. The problem is that this makes the children introvert as they have no interaction with the other children. This is the main reason why they do not know about being a team player anymore. They lack the stamina and strength of the previous generations. The children of today are mentally active. They are not physically active. We are depriving the child from developing his personality. This is the main reason why these children grow up to become shy and introvert instead of being bold and extrovert.

Argument Against the Person - Argumentum ad hominem

Argument Against the Person - Argumentum ad hominem The ad hominem fallacy is a class of fallacies which is not only common but also commonly misunderstood. Many people assume that any personal attack is an ad hominem argument, but that isnt true. Some attacks arent ad hominem fallacies, and some ad hominem fallacies arent clear insults. What the concept argument​ ad hominem means is argument to the man, although it is also translated as argument against the man. Instead of criticizing what a person says and the arguments they are offering, what we have instead is a criticism of where the arguments are coming from (the person). This is not necessarily relevant to the validity of what is said - thus, it is a Fallacy of Relevance. The general form this argument takes is: 1. There is something objectionable about person X. Therefore, person Xs claim is false. Types of Ad Hominem Fallacy This fallacy can be separated into five different types: Abusive ad hominem: The most common and well-known type of ad hominem fallacy is just a simple insult and is called the abusive ad hominem. It occurs when a person has given up attempting to persuade a person or an audience about the reasonableness of a position and is now resorting to mere personal attacks.Tu quoque (two wrongs dont make a right): An ad hominem fallacy which does not attack a person for random, unrelated things, but instead attacks them for some perceived fault in how they have presented their case is often called tu quoque, which means you too. It often occurs when a person is attacked for doing what they are arguing against.Circumstantial ad hominem: Dismissing an argument by attacking an entire class of people who presumably accept that argument is called the circumstantial ad hominem. The name is derived from the fact that it addresses the circumstances of those who hold the position in question.Genetic fallacy: Attacking the origins for the position someone is proposing instead of the person or the argument is called the genetic fallacy because it is based on the idea that the original source of an idea is a sound basis for evaluating its truth or reasonableness. Poisoning the well: A preemptive attack on a person which questions their character is called poisoning the well and is an attempt to make the target appear bad before they even have a chance to say anything. All of these different types of ad hominem argument are fairly similar and in some cases can appear almost identical. Because this category involves fallacies of relevance, the ad hominem argument is a fallacy when the comments are directed against some aspect about a person which is irrelevant to the topic at hand. Valid Ad Hominem Arguments It is important, however, to remember that an argumentum ad hominem is not always a fallacy! Not everything about a person is irrelevant to every possible topic or any possible argument that they might make. Sometimes it is entirely legitimate to bring up a persons expertise in some subject as a reason to be skeptical, and perhaps even dismissive, of their opinions about it. For example: 2. George is not a biologist and has no training in biology. Therefore, his opinions about what is or is not possible with regards to evolutionary biology do not have a lot of credibility. The above argument rests upon the assumption that, if a person is going to make credible assertions about what is or is not possible for evolutionary biology, then they really should have some training in biology - preferably a degree and perhaps some practical experience. Now, to be fair pointing out the lack of training or knowledge does not qualify as an automatic reason for declaring their opinion to be false. If nothing else, its at least possible that they have made a guess by random chance. When contrasted with the conclusions offered by a person who does have relevant training and knowledge, however, we have a sound basis for not accepting the first persons statements. This type of valid ad hominem argument is therefore in some ways the reverse of a valid appeal to authority argument.

Nutrition 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nutrition 6 - Assignment Example The symptoms of infection include diarrhea and excessive vomiting that last up to a week. Further, other symptoms that accompany vomiting and diarrhea include fever, fatigue, abdominal cramps, and nausea. 2. Do you believe that GM foods should be readily widely distributed to the public? (Make sure to refer to the facts in the article to support your ideas. Address the benefits and risks associated with GM organisms. GM food should not be widely distributed to the public because they might cause health problems this is because genetic foods are produced using poisonous synthetic fertilizers, animal feed antibiotics, and growth hormones that are harmful to human health. Genetically modified foods should be labeled so that people have a choice on what kind of food they want to purchase. However, genetically modified foods are beneficial since they lead to high yields. Proper labeling matters a lot because it reveals nutritional values of the foods which gives a consumer an easy time deciding whether to buy or not (Crinnion, 2010). Organic foods use organic fertilizers, which mean they are free from chemical contamination. On the other hand, genetically modified foods are produced using synthetic fertilizers that contain toxins and chemicals. Conventional farming use synthetic fertilizers made from nitrogen, which in turn finds its way into lakes, rivers, and other ecosystems thus affecting water surroundings (Singer, 2012). Contrary, organic farming does not pollute the ecosystem because farmers use fewer fertilizers and in some cases, they do not use any fertilizers. It is significant to note that organic method of farming enables the soil to store more carbon thus reducing the rate of carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere (Crinnion, 2010). Organic foods are healthier than other foods because Consumers believe that organic foods have fewer poisonous chemicals and higher nutritional value. The levels of nutrients in organic foods vary because of the

The social perception of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Research Paper

The social perception of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic - Research Paper Example The Weimar Republic’s condition was an exceptional case not only due to the then reparation cases after war but also worsened by decisions made by economists and those who were in power to contain the situation. Hence, leading to indescribable suffering to the then citizens where prices based on studies so far contacted seemed to change on hourly basis. Weimar Republic’s fiscal decisions during then meant to curb the situation not only aroused intense debates shortly afterwards as evident from scholars who based on their financial knowledge criticized them even to date. This is according to the way in which the then economists without keenness of the upcoming results decided to print more money for public’s use. According to Widdig, this was through the â€Å"policy of easy money†, which entailed the government to embark on excessive printing of more money without adjusting inflation and interest rates (Ferguson 270). Hence, contributing to the hiking of g oods’ prices at an extremely alarming rate, which in turn yielded to varied mixed reactions not only among the then few economists who knew the end results but also other scholars afterwards. During then, economists of the day seemed to suffer from myopic state in terms being unable to ascertain what will befall the state if they advised the government to print more money with the intention of clearing its internal debts. This study seeks to address the following two key questions, 1. How contemporaries experienced and understood hyperinflation; is a very interesting one. 2. How contemporary perception compare to the retrospective analysis of historians and economists only at the end. Between 1921 and 1923, citizens based on their mode of payments, expressed mixed reactions concerning the then depreciating paper currency besides universal woes that faced Germany’s economy. Those who relied on fixed payment like monthly salaries due to the then escalating prices of good s in relation increasing paper notes experienced utter desperation. This is because after payment most of them were unable to purchase what they needed whereby upon receiving after receiving their salaries or wages rushed immediately to a nearby shop to buy what they could afford before money started to depreciate (â€Å"BBC†). Those who were in short term payment terms like wages seemed to enjoy the deal because they were capable of negotiating their wages on daily basis or based on hourly intervals to be able to cater for their expenses as well as purchase what they needed (â€Å"BBC†). Despite wage mode of payment benefiting a few people during then although through struggling, the state of hyperinflation was evident not only among those contended to be on investment spree but also the entire state (Ferguson 10). The latter according to Ferguson (10) included industrial sector, which tried its best to produce more goods meant for the public who had money but kept on depreciating due to the hiking of goods. Hence, increase the demand of goods that turned out out to be extremely high among the people who despite having money could not afford to acquire them because prices were changing spontaneously and within very short time. For instance, a certain father according to BBC news headed to Berlin to purchase a pair of shoes for his son but on his arrival, he could only purchase a cup of coffee and save the remaining to cater for his bus fare (â€Å"BBC†). In addition, numerous citizens who had for long worked hard to

Public Governance in England Essay Example for Free

Public Governance in England Essay Governance can be defined as how local government bodies operate and control structure and processes of local authorities to manage their communities under one umbrella. These local bodies ensure quality service to the people and lead communities in a responsible way (Governance). The role of governance is to give clear directions, facilitate new projects, acts and take steps for any foreseen danger to the community.   Public governance deal with public sector and is kept under constant review. It sets out clear principles for the administration to arrange for public regulation. The treasury report states that UK spending had increased to  £500 by the year 2005 and 2006. Public governance would include policy making and providing quality service to public related issues including housing, sanitary, health, education, sewage and water supply management. Public governance ensures quality services to the citizens and taxpayers.   In public governance there is no combined code or any equivalent code of principles. However, there is an alternative individual codes and guidance that are specifically made for individual specific public bodies.   In 2004 a commission comprising key leaders from public was established by three different institutes, Chartered institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA), the Office of Public Management (OPM) and Joseph Rowntree foundation. The goal was to establish good governance principles for public services equivalent to Combined Code. These principles would support publicly funded bodies.   The Good Governance Standard For Public was published in 2005 by the commission that addressed issues for the members of public, governing bodies, public services, organizations, governors and those who develop codes for governance (Good Governance Briefing).   The governance of both public and private sector are combined and supervised by the unitary board model. This board is formed by executive and non-executive directors who are responsible for management of daily business and those tasks that are independent of the management respectively. The board functions to monitor both the governance.   The role of the boards of public governance and private governance is somewhat similar, but public sector is more complex. In public governance there is no standard organisational shape and no legislation operate public bodies. That is, public services do not work under any legislative framework instead they have unified boards of independent executive and non-executive directors.   Most non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) are exclusively comprised of non-executive directors. Some organizations have both executive and non-executive, while some other operate under one chief executive who is the top level member of the board and there is no other equivalent executive with him (Good Governance Briefing).   Supervisory boards are formed by the members from diverse stakeholders and are much larger than unified boards. Good governance is very important for successful public administration. Public sector failure results from poor governance. However, the poor governance is not just the result of any poor performance in single issue or service (Governance). But poor governance results from a number of factors that when combined pose several problems in the public sector administration. The quality of service by the public governance matters a lot for the people to gain trust in that government. To gain trust from its people public governance must offer quality service and assure them proper security, health, education to live in prosperous society. Loss of public trust is of immense importance for the public government. Once people do not support that government then it can threaten their accomplishment as a strong government.   Public governance must follow good governance policies and its main goal is to have a lot of trust from its people. Public government can have good image by having good support from its people. In forming rules and regulation public government will always keep in mind the facilities for the people of community. Public governance strives for quality service in education and health to its people. Once people choose not to support that government and not to participate in voting or vote against it then it can be fragmented (Governance).   Public government is also responsible for health and sanitary conditions in the community. It is involved in operating public hospitals and is responsible for maintaining high standard of medical treatment, medical services, cleanliness and sanitation of the hospitals. Public run hospitals must have proper healthcare system in order to provide proper health to the community and its people (Stolzenber). It is the responsibly of the governance to adopt strategies to preserve its viable function and also improve its structure to attain high health standards.   Characteristics of public governance must be strong enough to participate in the market-driven economy. The infrastructure of the governance must be efficient and flexible to operate independently of the bureaucratic impediments. Only high standards of governance can lead to successful and prosperous communities.   In public governance some departments have independent lay members and magistrates. These include police authorities. The Local Government Act 2000 developed three different types of political structures to be followed by local authorities. Each local body will develop proposals to adopt any of the three structures either as an executive role or scrutiny role. The council of higher education mainly adopts the executive role.   There are around 450,000 governors in the public service organizations. Every governor is responsible for leading and directing the workforce, organizing their tasks and fulfill their main objectives. They work for the public interest.   References   New Charity Regulation. http://lawreview.kentlaw.edu/articles/80-2/Morris.pdf Stolzenber, Edward A. Governance Change for Public Hospitals. Retrieved from http://www.ache.org/mbership/advtofellow/caserpts/governance99.cfm Governance. Retrieved from http://www.improvementnetwork.gov.uk/imp/core/page.do?pageId=1007044

Interpreting The French Revolution Essay -- European History

The year 1789 proved to be a pivotal and historical epoch of political upheavals, radical social movements, and the demolition of the old age monarchy in France. The Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, passage of the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen, and an unprecedented assault on Versailles as well as the use of the guillotine defined the spirit and historical meaning of the French Revolution. Due to the significance of the tumultuous political and social overhaul that took place, many stances have been taken on interpreting the revolution. The ideas formed regarding the interpretation of the causes and effects of the French Revolution are important in understanding the birth of new political ideologies that changed the landscape of European political order. Conservative, liberal, and revisionist political ideologies have produced multiple perspectives surrounding the events of the French Revolution. The following will address each ideology through analys is of causes and effects of the French Revolution. The characteristics of the conservative ideology made the aristocratic and clergy members of French society hostile to the rapidly changing political landscape. On June 17 1789, the Third Estate drafted a constitution and created the â€Å"National Assembly† in response of being locked out of the regular meeting of the Estates Generals (Doyle, 2002). The pressure applied by the National Assembly forced King Louis XVI to change the voting procedures in the Estates General. Instead of voting by status class the Estates General voted based on each individual’s choice. Conservatives regarded this event as anarchy and began a counterrevolutionary movement in order to secure the survival of the monarchy (Os... ... of government and a letter concerning toleration. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Mannheim, Karl. (1936). Ideology and Utopia. London: Routledge. McGarr, P. (1998). Socialist review index. Retrieved from http:// pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj80/france.htm Mithium, B. (n.d.). 18th century history. Retrieved from http://www.history1700s.com/articles/article1096.shtml Osen, James (1995). Royalist Political Thought during the French Revolution. London: Greenwood Press. Soman, E. (n.d.). Orthodox and revisionist interpretations of the french revolution. Retrieved from http://ebeysoman.hubpages.com/hub/Interpretations-of-the-French-Revolution The socialist party of britain. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/ socialist-standard/1980s/1989/no-1019-july-1989/1789-france’s-bourgeois-revolution Interpreting The French Revolution Essay -- European History The year 1789 proved to be a pivotal and historical epoch of political upheavals, radical social movements, and the demolition of the old age monarchy in France. The Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, passage of the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen, and an unprecedented assault on Versailles as well as the use of the guillotine defined the spirit and historical meaning of the French Revolution. Due to the significance of the tumultuous political and social overhaul that took place, many stances have been taken on interpreting the revolution. The ideas formed regarding the interpretation of the causes and effects of the French Revolution are important in understanding the birth of new political ideologies that changed the landscape of European political order. Conservative, liberal, and revisionist political ideologies have produced multiple perspectives surrounding the events of the French Revolution. The following will address each ideology through analys is of causes and effects of the French Revolution. The characteristics of the conservative ideology made the aristocratic and clergy members of French society hostile to the rapidly changing political landscape. On June 17 1789, the Third Estate drafted a constitution and created the â€Å"National Assembly† in response of being locked out of the regular meeting of the Estates Generals (Doyle, 2002). The pressure applied by the National Assembly forced King Louis XVI to change the voting procedures in the Estates General. Instead of voting by status class the Estates General voted based on each individual’s choice. Conservatives regarded this event as anarchy and began a counterrevolutionary movement in order to secure the survival of the monarchy (Os... ... of government and a letter concerning toleration. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Mannheim, Karl. (1936). Ideology and Utopia. London: Routledge. McGarr, P. (1998). Socialist review index. Retrieved from http:// pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj80/france.htm Mithium, B. (n.d.). 18th century history. Retrieved from http://www.history1700s.com/articles/article1096.shtml Osen, James (1995). Royalist Political Thought during the French Revolution. London: Greenwood Press. Soman, E. (n.d.). Orthodox and revisionist interpretations of the french revolution. Retrieved from http://ebeysoman.hubpages.com/hub/Interpretations-of-the-French-Revolution The socialist party of britain. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/ socialist-standard/1980s/1989/no-1019-july-1989/1789-france’s-bourgeois-revolution

Carrie Chapter Six

‘Ewen, four years,' Grayle overrode him. ‘Graduation slated June seventy-nine; next month. Tested I.Q. of a hundred and forty. Eighty-three average. Nonetheless, I see she's been accepted at Oberlin. I'd guess someone – probably you, Mr Hargensen – has been yanking some pretty long strings. Seventy-four assigned detentions. Twenty of those have been for harassment of misfit pupils, I might add. Fifth wheels, I understand that Chris's clique calls them Mortimer Snurds. They find it all quite hilarious. She skipped out on fifty-one of those assigned detentions. At Chamberlain Junior High, one suspension for putting a firecracker in a girl's shoe †¦ the note on the card says that little prank almost cost a little girl named Irma Swope two toes. The Swope girl has a harelip, I understand. I'm talking about your daughter, Mr Hargensen. Does that tell you anything?' ‘Yes,' Hargensen said, rising. A thin flush had suffused his features, ‘It tells me I'll see you in court. And when I'm done with you, you'll be lucky to get a job selling encyclopedias door to door.' Grayle also rose, angrily, and the two men faced each other across the desk ‘Let it be court, then,' Grayle said. He noted a faint flick of surprise on Hargensen's face, crossed his fingers, and went in for what he hoped would be a knockout – or at least a TKO that would save Desjardin's job and take this silk-ass son of a bitch down a notch. ‘You apparently haven't realized all the implications of in loco parentis in this matter, Mr Hargensen. The same umbrella that covers your daughter also covers Carrie White. And the minute you file for damages on the grounds of physical and verbal abuse, we will cross-file against your daughter on those same grounds for Carrie White.' Hargensen's mouth dropped open, then closed, ‘You can't get away with a cheap gimmick like that, you-‘ ‘Shyster lawyer? Is that the phrase you were looking for?' Grayle smiled grimly. ‘I believe you know your way out, Mr Hargensen. The sanctions against your daughter stand. If you care to take the matter further, that is your right.' Hargensen crossed the room stiffly, paused as if to add something, then left, barely restraining himself from the satisfaction of a hard doorslam. Grayle blew out breath. It wasn't hard to see where Chris Hargensen came by her self-willed stubbornness. A. P. Morton entered a minute later. ‘How did it go?' ‘Time'll tell, Morty,' Grayle said. Grimacing, he looked at the twisted pile of paper clips. ‘He was good for seven clips, anyway. That's some kind of record.' ‘Is he going to make it a civil matter?' ‘Don't know. It rocked him when I said we'd counter sue. ‘I bet it did.' Morton glanced at the phone on Grayle's desk. ‘It's time we let the superintendent in on this bag of garbage, isn't it?' ‘Yes,' Grayle said, picking up the phone. ‘Thank God my unemployment insurance is paid up.' ‘Me too,' Morton said loyally. From The Shadow Exploded (appendix Ill): Carrie White passed in the following short verse as a poetry assignment in the seventh grade. Mr Edwin King, who had Carrie for grade seven English, says: ‘I don't know why I saved it. She certainly doesn't stick out in my mind as a superior pupil, and this isn't a superior verse. She was very quiet and I can't remember her ever raising her hand even once in class. But something in this seemed to cry out.' Jesus watches from the wall. But his face is cold as stone. And if he loves me – As she tells me Why do I feel so all alone? The border of the paper on which this little verse is written is decorated with a great many cruciform figures which almost seem to dance †¦ Tommy was at baseball practice Monday afternoon, and Sue went down to the Kelly Fruit Company in The Centre to wait for him. Kelly's was the closest thing to a high school hangout the loosely sprawled community of Chamberlain could boast since Sheriff Doyle had closed the rec centre following a large drug bust. It was run by a morose fat man named Hubert Kelly who dyed his hair black and complained constantly that his electronic pacemaker was on the verge of electrocuting him. The place was a combination grocery, soda fountain and gas station-there Was a rusted Jenny pump out front that Hubie had never bothered to change when the company merged. He also sold beer, cheap wine, dirty books, and a wide selection of obscure cigarettes such as Mirads, King Sano, and Marvel Straights. The soda fountain was a slab of real marble, and there were four or five booths for kids unlucky enough or friendless enough to have no place to go and get drunk or stoned. An ancient pinball machine that always tilted on the third ball stuttered lights on and off in the back beside the rack of dirty books. When Sue walked in she saw Chris Hargensen immediately. She was sitting in one of the back booths. Her current amour, Billy Nolan, was looking through the latest issue of Popular Mechanix at the magazine rack. Sue didn't know what a rich, Popular girl like Chris saw in Nolan, who was like some strange time traveller from the 1950s with his greased hair, zipper-bejewelled leather jacket, and manifold-bubbling Chevrolet road machine. ‘Sue!' Chris hailed, ‘come on over!' Sue nodded and raised a hand, although dislike rose in her throat like a paper snake. Looking at Chris was like looking through a slanted doorway to a place where Carrie White crouched with hands over her head. Predictably she found her own hypocrisy (inherent in the wave and the nod) incomprehensible and sickening. Why couldn't she just cut her dead? ‘A dime root beer,' she told Hubie. Hubie had genuine draft root beer, and he served it in huge, frosted 1890s mugs. She had been looking forward to tipping a long one while she read a paper novel and waited for Tommy – in spite of the havoc the root beers raised with her complexion, she was hooked. But she wasn't surprised to find she'd lost her taste for this one. ‘How's your heart, Hubie?' she asked. ‘You kids,' Hubie said, scraping the head off Sue's beer with a table knife and filling the mug the rest of the way. ‘You don't understand nothing. I plugged in my electric razor this morning and got a hundred a ten volts right through this pacemaker. You kids don't know what that's like, am I right?' ‘I guess not.' ‘No, Christ Jesus forbid you should ever have to find out. How long can my old ticket take it? You kids'll all find out when I buy the farm and those urban renewal poops turn this place into a parking lot. That's a dime.' She pushed her dime across the marble. ‘Fifty million volts right up the old tubes,' Hubie said darkly, and stared down at the small bulge in his breast pocket. Sue went over and slid carefully into the vacant side of Chris's booth. She was looking exceptionally pretty, her black hair held by a shamrock-green band and a tight basque blouse that accentuated her firm, upthrust breasts. ‘How are you, Chris?' ‘Bitchin' good,' Chris said a little too blithely. ‘You heard the latest? I'm out of the prom. I bet that cocksucker Grayle loses his job, though.' Sue had heard the latest. Along with everyone at Ewen. ‘Daddy's suing them,' Chris went on. Over her shoulder; ‘Billeee! Come over here and say hi to Sue.' He dropped his magazine and sauntered over, thumbs booked into his side-hitched garrison belt, fingers dangling limply toward the stuffed crotch of his pegged levis. Sue felt a wave of unreality surge over her and fought an urge to put her hands to her face and giggle madly. ‘Hi, Suze,' Billy said. He slid in beside Chris and immediately began to massage her shoulder. His face was utterly blank. He might have been testing a cut of beef. ‘I think we're going to crash the prom anyway,' Chris said. ‘As a protest or something.' ‘Is that right?' Sue was frankly startled. ‘No,' Chris replied, dismissing it, ‘I don't know.' Her face suddenly twisted into in expression of fury, as abrupt and surprising as a tornado funnel. ‘That goddamned Carrie White! I wish she'd taken her goddam holy joe routine and stuff it straight up her ass!' ‘You'll get over it,' Sue said. ‘If only the rest of you had walked out with me †¦ Jesus Sue, why didn't you? We could have had them by the balls. I never figured you for an establishment pawn.' Sue felt her face grow hot. ‘I don't know about anyone else, but I wasn't being anybody's pawn. I took the punishment because I thought I earned it. We did a suck-off thing. End of statement.' ‘Bullshit. That fucking Carrie runs around saying everyone but her and her gilt-edged momma are going to bell and you can stick up for her? We should have taken those rags and stuffed them down her throat.' ‘Sure. Yeah. See you around, Chris.' She pushed out of the booth. This time it was Chris who coloured the blood slammed to her face in a sudden rush, as if a red cloud had passed over some inner sun. ‘Aren't you getting to be the Joan of Arc around here! I seem to remember you were in there pitching with the rest of us.' ‘Yes,' Sue said trembling. ‘But I stopped.' ‘Oh, aren't you just it?' Chris marvelled. ‘Oh my yes. Take your root beer with you. I'm afraid I might touch it and turn to gold.' She didn't take her root beer. She turned and half-walked, half-stumbled out. The upset inside her was very great, too great yet for either tears or anger. She was a getalong girl, and it was the first fight she had been in, physical or verbal, since grade-school pigtail pulling. And it was the first time in her life that she had actively espoused a Principle. And of course Chris had hit her in just the right place, had hit her exactly where she was most vulnerable: She way being a hypocrite, there seemed no way to avoid that, and deeply, sheathed within her and hateful, was the knowledge that one of the reasons she had gone to Miss Desjardin's hour of calisthenics and sweating runs around the gym Floor had nothing to do with nobility. She wasn't going to miss her last Spring Ball for anything. Not for anything. Tommy was nowhere in sight. She began to walk back toward the school, her stomach churning unhappily, Little Miss Sorority, Suzy Creemcheese, The Nice Girl who only does It with the boy she plans to marry – with the proper Sunday supplement coverage, of course. Two kids. Beat the living shit out of them if they show any signs of honesty; screwing, fighting, or refusing to grin each time some mythic honcho yelled frog. Spring Ball. Blue gown. Corsage kept all the afternoon in the fridge. Tommy in a white dinner jacket, cummerbund, black pants, black shoes. Parents taking photos posed by the living-room sofa with Kodak Starflashes and Polaroid Big-Shots. Crepe masking the stark gymnasium girders. Two bands: one rock, one mellow. No fifth wheels need apply. Mortimer Snurd, please keep out. Aspiring country club members and future residents of Kleen Korners only. The tears finally came and she began to run. From The Shadow Exploded (p. 60): The following excerpt is from a letter to Donna Kellogg from Christine Hargensen. The Kellogg girl moved from Chamberlain to Providence, Rhode Island, in the fall of 1978. She was apparently one of Chris Hargensen's few close friends and a confidante. The letter is postmarked May 17,1979: ‘So I'm out of the Prom and my yellow-guts father says he won't give them what they deserve. But they're not going to get away with it. I don't know what exactly I'm going to do yet but I guarantee you everyone is going to get a big fucking surprise . . .' It was the seventeenth. May seventeenth. She crossed the, day off the calendar in her room as soon as she slipped into her long white nightgown. She crossed off each day as it passed with a heavy black felt pen, and she supposed it expressed a very bad attitude toward life. She didn't really care. The only thing she really cared about was knowing that Momma was going to make her go back to school tomorrow and she would have to face all of Them. She sat down in the small Boston rocker (bought and paid for with her own money) beside the window, closed her eyes, and swept Them and all the clutter of her conscious thoughts from her mind. It was like sweeping a floor. Lift the rug of your subconscious mind and sweep all the dirt under. Good-bye. She opened her eyes. She looked at the hairbrush on her bureau. Flex. She was lifting the hairbrush. It was heavy. It was like lifting a barbell with very weak arms. Oh. Grunt. The hairbrush slid to the edge of the bureau, slid out past the point where gravity should have toppled it, and then dangled, as if on an invisible string. Carrie's eyes had closed to slits. Veins pulsed in her temples. A doctor might have been interested in what her body was doing at that instant; it made no rational sence. Respiration had fallen to sixteen breaths per minute. Blood pressure up to 190/100. Heartbeat up to 140 – higher than astronauts under the heavy g-load of lift-off. Temperature down to 94.3. Her body was burning energy that seemed to be coming from nowhere and seemed to be going nowhere. An electroencephalogram would have shown alpha waves that were no longer waves at all, but great, jagged spikes. She let the hairbrush down carefully. Good. Last night she had dropped it. Lose all your points, go to jail. She closed her eyes again and rocked. Physical functions began to revert to the norm; her respiration speeded until she was nearly panting. The rocker had a slight squeak. Wasn't annoying, though. Was soothing. Rock, rock. Clear your mind. ‘Carrie?' Her mother's voice, slightly disturbed, floated up. (she's getting interference like the radio when you turn on the blender good good) ‘Have you said your prayers, Carrie?' ‘I'm saying them,' she called back. Yes. She was saying them, all right. She looked at her small studio bed. Flex. Tremendous weight. Huge. Unbearable. The bed trembled and then the end came up perhaps three inches. It dropped with a crash. She waited, a small smile playing about her lips, for Momma to call upstairs angrily. She didn't. So Carrie got up, went to her bed. and slid between the cool sheets. Her head ached and she felt giddy, as she always did after these exercise sessions. Her heart was pounding in a fierce, scary way. She reached over, turned off the light, and lay back. No pillow. Momma didn't allow her a pillow. She thought of imps and families and witches. (am i a witch momma the devil's whore) riding through the night, souring milk, overturning butter chums, blighting crops while They huddled inside their houses with hex signs scrawled on Their doors. She closed her eyes, slept, and dreamed of huge, living stones crashing through the night, seeking out Momma, seeking out Them. They were trying to run, trying to hide. But the rock would not hide them; the dead tree gave no shelter. From My Name is Susan Snell, by Susan Snell (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), pp. i-iv: There's one thing no one has understood about what happened in Chamberlain on Prom Night. The press hasn't understood it, the scientists at Duke University haven't understood it, David Congress hasn't understood it – although his The Shadow Exploded is probably the only half-decent book written on the subject – and certainly The White Commission, which used me as a handy scapegoat, did not understand it. This one thing is the most fundamental fact: We were kids. Carrie was seventeen, Chris Hargensen was seventeen, I was seventeen, Tommy Ross was eighteen, Billy Nolan (who spent a year repeating the ninth grade, presumably before he learned how to shoot his cuffs during examinations) was nineteen †¦ Older kids react in more socially acceptable ways than younger kids, but they still have a way of making bad decisions, of over-reacting, or underestimating. In the first section which follows this introduction I must show these tendencies in myself as well as I am able. Yet the matter which I am going to discuss is at the root of my involvement in Prom Night, and if I am to clear my name, I must begin by recalling scenes which I find particularly painful †¦ I have told this story before, most notoriously before The White Commission, which received it with incredulity. In the wake of two hundred deaths and the destruction of an entire town, it is so easy to forget one thing. We were kids. We were kids. We were kids trying to do our best †¦ ‘You must be crazy.' He blinked at her, not willing to believe that he had actually heard it. They were at his house, and the television was on but forgotten. His mother had gone over to visit Mrs Klein across the street His father was in the cellar workroom making a bird-house. Sue looked uncomfortable but determined. ‘Ifs the way I want it, Tommy.' ‘Well, it's not the way I want it. I think ifs the craziest goddam thing I ever heard. Like something you might do on a bet.' Her face tightened. ‘Oh? I thought you were the one doing the big speeches the other night. But when it comes to putting your money where your big fat mouth ‘Wait, whoa.' He was unoffended, grinning. I didn't say no, did I? Not yet, anyway.' ‘YOU ?C'

Compare and contrast knowledge which can be expressed in words/symbols Essay

It is funny how the universal signs of intelligence are words and symbols or things that contain them. When someone walks past me with a load of books in their hand I immediately think â€Å"oh what a smart and knowledgeable person,† and I’m sure I’m not the only one that makes these snap judgments. But from my point of view it’s understandable that words and symbols are the universal sign of knowledge since we are taught from books and blackboards since our toddler years. Now what I consider knowledge is things that we hold to be true and are able to identify in real life. Teachers have been molding our brains to be able to communicate our knowledge using words since we were little, but as we grow older and we get into secondary school we come to realize that there is knowledge that cannot be expressed through words and symbols. The goal of the International Baccalaureate program is to make students well rounded and knowledgeable in many fields and along with that comes many requirements that other programs do not ask of their students. From my perspective knowledge that cannot be expressed in words and symbols is as important to have as knowledge that can, justifying the CAS requirements. CAS is the International Baccalaureate program’s way of teaching us what cannot be covered in books or lectures. This knowledge can be described in words but only to a certain extent. I think that CAS is a very large contributing factor to why the IB program nurtures well rounded students. CAS pushes students to seek out new activities for the purposes of gaining experiences that would have been otherwise undiscovered. I believe that the key ingredient to knowledge which cannot be expressed in words and symbols is experience. For one of my CAS creative activities I knit scarves for my friends to wear to a movie premier. Through this activity I learned many things that would otherwise be inadequately explained in words. I learned perseverance from powering through all of the arm cramps and headaches brought on by the sight of yarn. I learned about my personal effort limits when I realized that making four scarves in a week’s time was a greatly optimistic prediction of my abilities. I got out from this experience a sense of pride in what I made, a feeling that is much more complex than the â€Å"pleasure taken in something done† dictionary definition. All of these things add up to knowledge that could not have been expressed to me through words and symbols because they depended on my own experience. But CAS is not solely done by physical experience; there is a certain verbal component to it such as reading to understand how to do something. In another personal experience, not done for CAS, I tried to learn how to swim so before I took swimming lessons I read instruction manuals on swimming. When I finally got the chance to test out what I had learned from the manual in a pool I failed miserably. I knew the concept and the process but somehow there was a disconnect between reading and knowing the steps and their physical application. So from this you can see that verbal/textual knowledge is important to have but it is no replacement for experience. In math words and symbols are essentially all that are used, or rather all that can be used. In this area of knowledge there really isn’t any room for non-verbal knowledge. For example, in my math class I am given a problem to solve; the answer is always expected to be written down to show the right answer since there really is not room left to interpretation. It would be quite the task to explain to my teacher how I used my emotions to lead me to the four digit answer. This begs the question: to what extent is verbal knowledge more objective than knowledge that cannot be expressed in this way? Math is an area of knowledge that is for the most part definite and pertaining to the cold hard facts, so any math done has to be based on established and globally accepted theorems and rules. Because of this, there is no room for personal feelings. When solving out problems you have to be able to write it down so that others can understand what you have done to determine if you justified your answer. Knowledge that can be exactly conveyed is needed in order to make sense of the system of numbers and transfer new ideas whereas knowledge that cannot be expressed in words and symbols are more relative to the knower and subject to emotional coloring as everyone perceives experiences differently. With that said math does take a certain degree of subjectivity as exemplified in Newton’s anecdote to the formation of his laws of gravity. It takes a specific person’s creative imagination and intuition to be able to solve difficult problems; then their insightful problem solving methods are adopted. When I was thinking about knowledge that cannot be express by words or symbols ethics came to mind. Ethics is always that area in our human nature that no one is exactly sure of. Rather than the black and white, right and wrong that we find in math, ethics shows us that there are many shades of gray that make it hard for us to explain why, for example, you can think stealing money is wrong but you are perfectly fine with downloading music from torrents. It is apparently hardwired into our nature to find certain things wrong and others our duty, none of which we can fully explain into words or symbols. This kind of moral knowledge is more intuitive than an exact science like math which can be reasoned through proofs. For example, recently someone from the grade below me came to me asking for clarification on an assignment. Now, because I already had the class I understood the assignment and could have explained it to this person, but the problem came when I considered that I have enough things to worry about other than making sure someone understands an assignment that the rest of us had to figure out ourselves. Nevertheless, I explained the tedious assignment to the person because I felt that it was my duty to help the person. This sense of responsibility for helping others is doubtlessly engrained in all of us, or at least the sane, even when it defies reason and we know that we probably will not gain anything from the good deed. But going back to the very basis of this topic some may ask the question: is there really any knowledge that cannot be communicated through language? Some believe that if you cannot put it into words or symbols then it was never an idea or thought to begin with. Their idea is that those moments where people cannot explain how they feel are not caused because the knowledge cannot be expressed in words or symbols but because the experiencer does not have the vocabulary or the eloquence to express it. From another perspective it could also be said because language is a human invention that it is a problem of language where we have not created enough words to express certain thoughts and that after we label these certain thoughts it could then be expressed in words/symbols. Though there may be arguments about the existence of knowledge that cannot be expressed with words and symbols, I still believe that there is. I believe that there is a gap between book knowledge and knowledge gained from personal experience. Words simply cannot replace human experience, as exemplified by my failed attempts to swim after reading about it and being told how. Words and symbols are essential to areas of knowledge such as math and the sciences where knowledge needs to be specifically conveyed so that there will not be any misunderstandings, but in other areas such as ethics words seem mostly inadequate and there is much more room for different interpretations.

Butterfly Bush Alternatives for Environmentally Friendly Gardeners

Butterfly Bush Alternatives for Environmentally Friendly Gardeners Gardeners who want to attract butterflies to their gardens often plant butterfly bush (genus Buddleia), a fast growing shrub that blooms prolifically. While butterfly bush is easy to grow, inexpensive to buy, and a good attractant for butterflies,  some argue its one of the worst choices for a butterfly garden. For years,  butterfly bush  (Buddleia) has divided gardeners into two camps: those who plant it without apology, and those who think it should be banned. Fortunately, its now possible to plant butterfly bushes without negatively impacting the environment. Why Gardeners Love Butterfly Bush Buddleia  is well-loved by butterfly gardeners because it is well-loved by butterflies. It blooms from spring to fall (depending on your  growing zone), and produces an abundance of nectar-rich flowers that butterflies cannot resist. Butterfly bush is easy-to-grow and tolerates poor soil conditions. It requires almost no maintenance, other than an annual hard pruning (and some gardeners even skip that). Why Ecologists Hate Butterfly Bush Unfortunately, a plant that produces such a bumper crop of flowers also produces a bumper crop of seeds.  Buddleia  is not native to North America; butterfly bush is an exotic plant from Asia. Ecologists deemed the shrub a threat to native ecosystems, as butterfly bush seeds escaped backyard gardens and invaded forests and meadows. Some states banned the sale of  Buddleia and listed it as a noxious, invasive weed. For commercial growers and nurseries, these bans were consequential. According to the USDA, the production and sale of butterfly bush was a $30.5 million industry in 2009. Despite  Buddleias environmental impact, gardeners still wanted their butterfly bushes, and growers wanted to continue producing and selling it. While butterfly bush provides nectar for butterflies, it offers no value for butterfly or moth larvae. In fact, not a single native North American caterpillar will feed on its leaves, according to entomologist Dr. Doug Tallamy, in his book Bringing Nature Home.   For Gardeners Who Cant Live Without Buddleia Butterfly bush spreads easily because it produces thousands of seeds during the course of a growing season. If you insist on growing butterfly bush in your garden, do the right thing: deadhead Buddleia flowers as soon as the blooms are spent, all season long. Shrubs to Plant Instead of Butterfly Bush Better yet, choose one of these native shrubs instead of butterfly bush. In addition to  providing nectar, some of these native shrubs are also larval food plants. Abelia x grandiflora, glossy abeliaCeanothus americanus, New Jersey tea​Cephalanthus occidentalis, buttonbushClethra alnifolia, sweet pepperbushCornus spp., dogwoodKalmia latifolia, mountain laurelLindera benzoin, spicebushSalix discolor, pussy willowSpiraea alba, narrowleaf meadowsweetSpiraea latifolia, broadleaf meadowsweetViburnum sargentii, Sargents cranberry bush BuddleiaBreeders to the Rescue Just when you were getting ready to compost your butterfly bushes for good, horticulturalists found a solution to the problem.  Buddleia  breeders produced cultivars that are, in effect, sterile. These hybrids produce so little seed (less than 2% of traditional butterfly bushes), they are considered non-invasive varieties. The State of Oregon, which has a rigorous ban on  Buddleia  in place, has recently amended their ban to allow these non-invasive cultivars. Seems you can have your butterfly bush and plant it, too. Look for these non-invasive cultivars at your local nursery (or ask your favorite garden center to carry them!): Buddleia  Lo Behold ®Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœBlue Chip’Buddleia ‘Asian Moon’Buddleia  Lo Behold ®Ã¢â‚¬ËœPurple Haze’Buddleia  Lo Behold ®Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœIce Chip’ (formerly ‘White Icing’)Buddleia  Lo Behold ®Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœLilac Chip’Buddleia ‘Miss Molly’Buddleia ‘Miss Ruby’Buddleia Flutterby Grandeâ„ ¢Ã‚  Blueberry Cobbler Nectar BushBuddleia Flutterby Grandeâ„ ¢Peach Cobbler Nectar BushBuddleia Flutterby Grandeâ„ ¢Ã‚  Sweet Marmalade Nectar BushBuddleia Flutterby Grandeâ„ ¢Ã‚  Tangerine Dream Nectar BushBuddleia Flutterby Grandeâ„ ¢Ã‚  Vanilla Nectar BushBuddleia Flutterby Petiteâ„ ¢Ã‚  Snow White Nectar BushBuddleia Flutterbyâ„ ¢Ã‚  Pink Nectar Bush One important thing to remember, though, is that  Buddleia  is still an exotic plant.  While it is an excellent source of nectar for adult butterflies, its not a  host plant  for any native caterpillars. When planning your wildlife-friendly garden, be sure to include  native shrubs  and flowers to attract the most butterflies.

The British North America Act (BNA Act)

The British North America Act (BNA Act) The British North America Act or BNA Act created the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It is now referred to as the Constitution Act, 1867, as it is the basis of the countrys constitution. History of the BNA Act The BNA Act was drafted by Canadians at the Quebec Conference on Canadian Confederation in 1864 and passed without amendment by the British Parliament in 1867. The BNA Act was signed by Queen Victoria on March 29, 1867, and came into effect on July 1, 1867. It solidified Canada West (Ontario), Canada East (Quebec), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as the four provinces of the confederation. The BNA Act serves as a base document for the Canadian Constitution, which is not a single document but rather a set of documents known as Constitution Acts and, just as importantly, a set of unwritten laws and conventions. The BNA Act set out the rules for the government of the new federal nation. It established a British style parliament with an elected House of Commons and an appointed Senate and set out the division of powers between the federal government and provincial governments. The written text of the division of powers in the BNA Act can be misleading, however, as case law plays a significant part in the division of powers between governments in Canada. The BNA Act Today Since the first act forming the Dominion of Canada in 1867, 19 other acts were passed, until some of them were amended or repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982. Until 1949, only the British Parliament could make amendments to the acts, but Canada assumed  full control over its constitution with the passage of the Canada Act in 1982. Also in 1982, the BNA Act was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867.

Properrty Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Properrty Market - Essay Example The costly credit and impact of inflation made retail suffer badly in 1990. In the major UK cities low income people hindered from entering into property market due to high interest rates.. As a result there was overall slowdown in the activity. There was decrease in institutional property investment and returns reduced on retail investments. Schemes for new large stores were shelved or even cancelled while existing store outlets were scaled down or closed in a bid to attract larger customer share from competitors. The picture was total contrast from the 1980s when companies invited the big names in retail developers to design unique themed malls on latest retail and leisure ideas (Jacobs 1992:93). Thus the slump of property and construction industry provided an example as to how fast the market led growth falls. The recession affected even the most promising construction schemes as their ratings were down and billions were wiped off the share portfolios. It was a blow to Thatcher's vision of a Homeowner's nation. (Jacobs 1992:94). Jenkins (1991 as in cited in Jacobs 1992) finds a cyclical nature of UK property industry. He studied the property market from 1960 and found that there was increased involvement of banks and pension funds with the property market. ... The property was then presented by developers as security to obtain bank loans (Jacobs 1992:95). The multinational companies have integrated the economies of different countries and changes of one nation are transmitted to other. At the same time there are more stable interest rates and low economic volatility. But the low inflation puts the lender at a risk of default while borrower may have some advantage ( Forest and Lee 2003: 163). The property companies were also helped by the bull market which increased their funds needed for development. By 1991, the overseas banks had 43% funding of property industries. The property slump occurred as a result of entry of foreign capital which made this sector vulnerable as it was dependent on borrowing (Jacobs 1992). The current slump in economy has affected the construction industry as can be assessed by a comparative account of construction and GDP. The latter is the most important indicator of a nation's economic health but likely to decline by 2.9 per cent in real terms over the 2009 (The Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR)). It will be the biggest annual fall since 1946 when the country faced mass de-mobilisation after the Second World War. It is forecast that industrial investments may decline by more than 15 per cent in 2009 and pose the biggest risk to the economy while household expenditure is expected to come down by 1.8 per cent in the Year. Theme 2: Factors currently influencing housing sector: Was fall in prices long overdue: The issue is that house prices started to fall even before growth started to slow down. In other words there are many microeconomic factors reducing house prices. Therefore, the fall in economic output has aggravated these other factors that are

An organisational diagnosis of Nestl-UK using the Weisbord six-box Essay

An organisational diagnosis of Nestl-UK using the Weisbord six-box model - Essay Example In a general sense,organisational diagnosis is defined as a tool by which specific knowledge pertaining to reality in an organisation may be established in order to guide managers in understanding the organisation as well as its essential elements Project’s overall aims and objectives In a general sense, organisational diagnosis is defined as a tool by which specific knowledge pertaining to reality in an organisation may be established in order to guide managers and other decision makers in understanding the organisation as well as its essential elements, and in formulating necessary interventions (Grave, Gimenez, MendezA & Crubellate, 2001). As applied in this proposed study, however, the organisational diagnosis will be used as an instrument to examine whether or not the components of an organization are synchronous with the other components in order to facilitate the exploration of formal and informal systems, towards the promotion of greater organisational effectiveness as envisioned in Anderson (2010). The motivation to carry out this proposed research study was prompted by a generalization posited in Ely (1999) that â€Å"organizations are not simply gendered; they are also raced and classed† (p. 2). However, none of the studies surveyed during the preliminary review of literature and studies ventured to perform any method of organizational diagnosis to investigate relationships between the outcome of the diagnosis and the profile of the respondents who participated in the exercise. This is a gap in knowledge which this proposed study hopes to address. Hence, this study will attempt to perform an organisational diagnosis of Nestle, UK to identify problems or issues confronting the organization with the end in view of proposing interventions or alternative courses of action. Specifically, the objectives of the proposed study are to: (1) describe the profile of the members of the organisation in terms of gender, age, civil status, ethnicity, s ocio-economic status, position, and work experience; (2) examine the following organisational variables in terms of central tendency and dispersion : purposes, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, and attitude towards change; (3) identify the strong points of the organization based on the empirical results of the diagnosis; (4) identify the weak points of the organization based on the empirical results of the diagnosis; (5) investigate significant associations between the ratings generated in each of the organisation variables from the diagnosis and the respondents’ profile variables; (6) formulate strategies / interventions based on the outcome of the organizational diagnosis. The proposed study will be conducted with the Nestle UK headquarters as research locale, situated at St. Georges House, Croydon, Surrey, CR9 1NR. There are about 300 employees working in the Nestle Croydon office. A minimum sample of 119 is required for the office populati on, based on a web-based sample sized calculator (Raosoft, 2004). A screenshot of the calculation output is presented as Appendix A. An organisational diagnostic questionnaire adapted from Preziosi (1980) will serve as the main research instrument. The complete questionnaire is presented with this proposal as Appendix B. The independent variables in this study are the profile variables, namely: gender, age, civil status, ethnicity, socio-economic status, position, and work experience. On the other hand, the dependent variables are the components of the organization as enunciated in Weisbord (2011) and Preziosi (1980) namely: purposes, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, and attitude towards change. Literature review From a preliminary survey of existing knowledge in this area, there were at least 20 researches carried out since the 1970s, with the pioneering works of Preziosi (1972, 1980) and Weisbord (1976). However, not all the 20 studies utilized We isbord’s six-box model. Some of the earlier studies like that of Armenakis, Bedeian and Niebuhr (1979), Pond, Armenakis and

Consider the challenges of the forensic recovery and examination of Essay

Consider the challenges of the forensic recovery and examination of data from mobile devices - Essay Example The capability of mobile devices has increased as a result of advance in computing ability contributed by advancement of semiconductor technology used in these devices. Due to their size and portability mobile devices have become the vessels of storing, processing and transmitting information. This remarkable development of mobile technology is origin of current security challenges. The involvement of these devices in criminal activities calls for mobile device forensics and data recovery. This paper summarizes the challenges faced in forensic recovery and examination of data from mobile devices. The scope will bring into light challenges associated while carrying forensic analysis of mobile phones and elaborate various analysis techniques. It will also depict the weaknesses of mobile forensic toolkits and procedures and the crossover between phone and computer forensics 1. Introduction Mobile devices have revolutionized communications on every group in the social structure by making connection to the internet hence global information is available at touch of a button. There are slightly above 4 billion users of mobile devices users and the use of these devices in criminal activities is quite widespread and increasing rapidly. The increased usage of mobile devices particularly the mobile phones is entirely attributed to the reduced cost, the introduction of text messaging, multimedia potentialities, custom ring tones, internet connection, and games features among others. Civil and criminal investigations in the day today life and business involve digital mobile devices forensics. These devices can be connected to crime if they are: used as a communication tool in the act of crime, means of committing crime, they contain information and a data warehouse device providing evidence. Mobile devices forensics can be defined as the science of retrieval of digital evidence from mobile devices and entails methods that show how this evidence is retrieved. Mobile devices forensics is achieved through acquiring and analysing data in devices, memory cards and SIM cards. 2. Evidence items Evidence items that can be obtained by forensically examining a mobile device include the following; Name of Service Provider and Unique Id Number that are printed on back of SIM card. International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) and can be retrieved by keying in some commands such as *#06#. Network operators give facility to dial some code for finding it Location Area Identity (LAI) which is stored inside SIM Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (ICCID) is Stored inside SIM and matches the number printed on SIM. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), a unique id for every network subscriber and is stored inside SIM. Text messages data (SMS), contacts and call logs are stored on both the SIM and mobile device handset. Multimedia messages (MMS), images, sound, videos, WAP/Browser history, emails, calendar items and notes are all stored in mobile phone memory. Some mobile devices retain information of SIM cards used at earlier times. This feature is very limited in mobile devices. MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital

Medical Translation: Functionalist Approaches

Medical Translation: Functionalist Approaches Medical Translation: functionalist approaches Translation is used in every day life and is used in multiple fields of work. Translation is defined in the Collins Dictionary as a piece of writing or speech that has been translated into another action and as the act of translating something. The two definitions point to the two different ways translation is explained, the first as being the product produced by the translator and the second as the actual process of translation. The dictionary of Translation Studies additionally introduces sub types of translation such as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation. . .interpreting (Hatim, Munday: 2004). The sub type I shall be discussing is medical translation. At every milestone, translation was the key to scientific progress as it unlocked for each successive inventor and discoverer the minds of predecessors who expressed their innovative thoughts in another language (Fischbach: Wright1993). Translation has been used since Hippocrates and Galen in Greek and was translated primarily into Latin and Arabic, Arabic especially in the Middle Ages. This spread knowledge to the Western world producing translations into Castilian and English. [1] Whilst medical translation shares many features with other sub types in that it involves adapting to cultural differences, using technological tools and communicating through linguistic barriers, this sub type has many specialties of its own. When translating a medical text, one must be careful to communicate the specific knowledge correctly. Factual complexity and accuracy becomes a main priority for the translator. Medical terminology, communicative situations (among specialists, in the mass media, in education, to patients, in campaigns and internationally), medical genres and medical ethics also influence the way in which translation is produced. I shall be focusing on functional approaches to translation, introducing Vermeers Skopostheorie, Reiss theory of text types and functional equivalence and lexical equivalence, applying them to the aspects of specific audiences, Latin based terms, medical English standardisations and medical texts. Functionalism is the broad term used for the many theories that approach translation using functionalist methods. It focuses on the importance of the function or functions of the target text rather than the linguistic equivalence to the source text. Texts are produced with a specific purpose or function in mind. The starting point for any translation is therefore not the linguistic surface structure of the ST, but the purpose of the TT (Nord: 1997). It also includes the notion of translation as communication. Translation is defined as a purposeful, transcultural activity whose linguistic form depends on the function or the purpose of the target text. Action, communication and cultural theories are included under the title of functionalism. Skopostheorie, translational action theory and Reiss and Vermeers general theory of translation will be discussed in further detail. The main theory within functionalist approaches is Skopostheorie, (Skopos meaning purpose in Greek) by Hans J. Vermeer. Vermeer believes that linguistics alone is not enough for translation as he believes not all problems can be solved solely through language abilities but that the prime principal determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action (Vermeer: Nord1997). He understands translation as a human action and that all actions are intentional and purposeful behaviours. Any form of translational action, including therefore translation itself, may be conceived as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose. [. . . ] The word Skopos, then, is a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation (Vermeer1989). He also adds that these behaviours take place in situations which happen in cultures which consequently leads to the Skopostheorie being culture specific as Holz-Manttari explains in further detail. From this thought, Vermeer derives a general Skopos rule, which states: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in a situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. This rule is designed to solve dilemmas such as free vs. faithful translation or dynamic vs. formal equivalence. Another general rule mentioned which will be discussed again later is the coherence rule which concerns the target text must be coherent to allow the intended users to understand it in their situational circumstances. Another important factor of Skopostheorie is that of the addressee which is the receiver or the audience. The translation must be directed towards them, which is why purpose and the coherence rule are so important. *** Holz-Mantarris translational action theory goes further than the Vermeer in that she completely disregards the word translation, referring to it instead as message transmitters. She describes translation as a complex action designed to achieve a particular purpose. The purpose of this theory is to create the ability to send messages across culture and language barriers by experts (translators). She also highlights the actional aspects of the translation process such as the translator, initiator, message receiver and the situational conditions in which the action (of translation) takes place. She calls this intercultural cooperation. The audience, as mentioned before, is one of the most important factors in Skopostheorie. Medic al translation requires the translator to be faithful to the client as well as the source text*** In the medical field, there are two main types of audiences: the lay audience and the expert audience. Often, when translating medical technical terms, which is very common and can cause problems, terms can be changed or borrowed in order to make sense in the target culture. Because Latin was once the lingua franca of medicine and Greek was the original language of medical text, there still exists today a great amount of Latin and Greek based words and the use of Latin and Greek suffixes and prefixes. This topic has proved difficult for translators as it challenges the Skopostheorie in that linguistic equivalence is not necessary. We see here that this is not always the case. The use of Latin words is extremely common in English; words such as pneumonia and appendicitis are very common amongst both types of audiences. When translating into romance languages and even into Germanic languages, the word tends to be equivalent to that of the English with minor spelling changes: English Spanish  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   German Pneumonia Neumonia Pneumonie Appendicitis Apendicitis Appendizitis However, in some countries such as Germany and Denmark, Latin continues to act as the lingua franca in medicine and therefore is not understood by the lay audience. They are replaced by more popularized terms in order to reach out to a larger audience: German Danish Expert:   appendizitis expert: Appendicitis Non- expert: Blinddarmentzundung non-expert: blindtarmsbetoendelse Expert: Pneumonie expert: pneumoni Non- expert: Lungenentzundung non- expert: lungebetoendelse [1] Hippocrates, known as the Father of Medicine, was known for his medical knowledge which Galen and Perganum expanded 400 years after. The numerous articles of Hippocrates and Galen gave way to the need of medical translation. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, otherwise known as Cicero, was the first to translate the Greek works and terms into Latin in the first century AD. With the rise of Islam in the seventh century, and the establishment of medical schools in the major cities such as Baghdad and Damascus created the need for translation of Greek medical works into Arabic. By the Middle Ages, translation from Arabic to Latin saw the spreading of information to the Western world and Christian Europe and with the colonisation of the New World and the discovering of new drugs, translations into Castilian and English were produced in the sixteenth century (Fischbach: Wright1993). In the Renaissance, Latin was the Lingua Franca creating translations between Latin and vernacular languages and b etween vernacular languages themselves (Montalt and Davies, 2007). Bill T Jones | Choreography Analysis Bill T Jones | Choreography Analysis Bill T. Jones is a startling choreographer with an exhilarating presence and charisma. His compilation of Solos includes Tea for Two, Ionization, and Chaconne. All different from each other are depictions of Jones emotions and body movements to their extremes. Giving a brief explanation to each, Tea for Two is a depiction of emotions like desire and love, while Ionization has an extreme involvement of strong music, movement, and expressions which depict violence, and finally, Chaconne is a flickering performance that displays the involvement of artistic techniques and music insinuating a certain story, or feeling. This paper is an outlook of Jones work, especially in these performances, and how each performance is an artistic representation of a certain theme. The classical song Tea for Two is what Bill T. Jones performance is based upon. It is a solo which he presents twice; once on the stairs, and next in a studio. On the other hand, as a spectator I have realized that differences in the setting may lead to a vast distinction between two performances. Firstly, Tea for Two: On the Stairs. The performance is a depiction of love, freewill, and desire. I have felt that Jones performs with his full fervor on the streets out to celebrate. Also, the lyrics sung by Blossom Dearie speak for themselves as the dancer is blissful and content about the house created for him and his lover away from the busy life of the city. As a spectator, I have felt that it is a romantic ballad dance where Jones is conveying to his audience that he is happy regarding being alone with his loved one with no one to bother them enabling them to have tea for two and enjoying it without any interruption. Also, I have realized that Jones free style of dancing reflects his freedom and peacefulness. The daylight tends to capture the essence of love and happiness, while his facial expressions are of a happy man content with his living and life. In this dance sequence, the space is fully utilized with no sets, or props to disturb the concept of freedom he is trying to convey to the audience. A very natural and clean performance, which shows what little happiness in life, along with a loved one, can do to a human being. Furthermore, moving on to Tea for Two: In the Studio. Although Jones had performed the piece twice on the same music, the difference in the setting gave the dance another feeling. I felt that Jones is not performing with the same essence, or power. Also, I believe that his performance in the studio constrained him; impeded him from moving freely, unlike his performance on the stairs where you could feel the positive energy shimmering from every movement and line Jones had made. Moreover, Do you think Ill make a soldier, every round goes higher and higher, do you want to have your freedom? are the words of Bill T. Jones which he added after his performance to the piece in the studio. To me, this altered the mood after watching the performance as Jones left the audience in deep thoughts; also, as a spectator, I did not fully understand the intention of such a quote; however, it could be that Jones is doubtful while referring to himself as a soldier, and questionable regarding acquiring his freedom as he pictures it with his loved one. Moving on to another spectacular piece by Bill T. Jones entitled Ionization. Ionization is a piece choreographed to a classic music composition by Edgar Varese, and this dance piece is an excellent synchronization of different instruments with the moves of the body. Also, as a spectator, the dance is an ionization of the human body to different beats in life and is also built on the premise of how a body moves to the most sensitive distinctions of various kinds of percussive sounds. Different instruments such as the bass and the drums are a pleasure to hear when synchronized to the soft and soothing sounds of the piano and the saxophone. Also, as a spectator, I was awakened with the African like beats, as well as, beats similar to the roaring of a lion and sirens allowing Jones to shift within the space using stronger movements according to the beat of the instruments. Furthermore, I consider this solo performance by Jones very much attention grabbing as the way he communicated with his audience through his facial expressions was outstanding; also, the way he switched swiftly from one expression to another, yet having full control to make such switches apparent was expertly done. Moreover, violence could be seen gradually in the performance from the beginning to the end from his sharp stomp like movements to his facial expressions with accordance to the music played. However, although Jones performance fully caught my attention, the music he chose for such a sequence was somehow dominating making me focus in certain parts with the music played rather than Jones while performing. Additionally, Chaconne is framed around spoken text and the music of Bachs D-Minor Partita for Solo Violin. This solo performance accompanied by Bachs D Minor Partita could be about Jones personal memories accompanied by the appearance of written text on screen about a close friend of him, or it could be dedicated to his mother. Moreover, I believe that the text is directly related to the sad and painful moves of Jones in the dance sequence. Also, the text helped me as a spectator understand the mood of the performer and comprehend the purpose of the dance sequence as it felt that Jones was somehow impersonating the person in agony, or remembering how she felt during her instant of pain, especially during the part while he was on the floor with his hand forming a heart like shape and the text appearing. Furthermore, the music, which is entirely a mix of violins, added to the softness of the performance. Although there is a huge difference between Jones four performances, I have liked Chaconne the most as I have felt that it reflects certain hidden emotions within him which he is able to only reflect through dance and hidden speech. Last but not least, it is difficult to compare between two profound choreographers such as Bill T. Jones and Merce Cunningham; however, I have admired Jones style most as to me he managed to portray original contemporary dancing and choreography. Although Merce Cunningham is a pioneer in contemporary dancing, and I am not a guru in such a field to fully express my opinion; however, that is what I have realized after watching several pieces by both choreographers. Bill T. Jones is an exquisite performer and choreographer who is able to grab hold of his audiences attention from the moment he starts dancing. Also, his ability to establish choreography with clear messages sent is an attribute which I find significant. Bill T. Jones is truly proficient in his field of expertise, and really has the ability to keep his audience engaged wherever and whenever he performs.